tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-60520551300795893782024-02-06T19:37:28.175-08:00=D'Krintanx=Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.comBlogger87125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-47603792713589029622015-02-26T23:51:00.000-08:002015-02-26T23:51:05.984-08:00Intrepid RAS-12 / AR-12 semi-automatic shotgun and conversion kit (USA)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjheRQBic35ZRZoejy41lVott965ne2mopzj64hUZ7gTyVlZ48bVyM8kRIDk58UIDGJay_rTpECFPZNNytp38_V4PWwHE9vdO4fJim7cfE9krXctWUZAhPWlUgXU7_hf-2l9cK4RAuPxtkL/s1600/1419158617.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjheRQBic35ZRZoejy41lVott965ne2mopzj64hUZ7gTyVlZ48bVyM8kRIDk58UIDGJay_rTpECFPZNNytp38_V4PWwHE9vdO4fJim7cfE9krXctWUZAhPWlUgXU7_hf-2l9cK4RAuPxtkL/s1600/1419158617.jpg" height="132" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #eaeaea; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6666660308838px; line-height: 18px;">Intrepid RAS-12 / AR-12 semi-automatic shotgun, complete gun</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #eaeaea; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6666660308838px; line-height: 18px;">Intrepid RAS-12 / AR-12 upper receiver partially attached to AR-10 compatible lower receiver</span></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #eaeaea; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.6666660308838px; line-height: 18px;">Diagram of the RAS-12 shotgun shell, loaded with buckshot</span></td></tr>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Caliber</strong></div>
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12 Gauge (proprietary RAS-12 ammunition)</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Type</strong></div>
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semi-automatic</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Overall length</strong></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Barrel length</strong></div>
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460 mm (18.1”)</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Weight, empty</strong></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Magazine capacity</strong></div>
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5 rounds</div>
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Intrepid RAS-12 / AR-12 semi-automatic shotgun is a novel concept, developed by US-based company Intrepid Tactical Solutions. This system further extends flexibility of <a href="http://world.guns.ru/assault/usa/armalite-ar-10-e.html" style="color: #3226b6; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">7.62mm (.308Win) AR-10</a> (DPMS-style) semi-automatic rifles by adding a shotgun upper receiver, named AR-12, to the almost endless supply of rifle caliber upper receiver units.</div>
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Due to the fact that existing 12 gauge shells with their obsolete rimmed hulls would not easily fit into any AR-10 compatible magazine, Intrepid had to develop their own, proprietary RAS-12 shotgun ammunition. These shells are built on the newly designed rimless polymer case with rebated rim. Combined with ogive nose plug made of plastic it allows for smooth feeding from detachable box magazine. RAS-12 shotgun shells are reloadable, using fired or newly purchased plastic cases and newly purchased nose plugs, plus other standard and widely available components such as powders, buck or shot pellets, wads and shotgun primers. Current (as of late 2014) RAS-12 factory loads include “00” buckshot (9 pellets at 1200 fps) and “7.5” birdshot; reloading components such as RAS-12 plastic cases and nose plugs can be bought in bulk. Similar ammunition, components and upper receivers also produced in 20 gauge as Intrepid RAS-20.</div>
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Intrepid RAS-12 / AR-12 semi-automatic shotgun consist of a newly developed AR-12 upper, mounted onto any AR-10 DPMS type lower receiver. AR-12 upper receiver is complete with 18.1” barrel, gas operated action with short stroke piston, proprietary bolt group and a new return spring. Ammunition is fed from modified 20-round .308 cal PMag magazines that hold 5 rounds of RAS-12 shotgun shells in a single stack.</div>
Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-56192624345854615162015-01-12T08:34:00.002-08:002015-01-12T08:34:28.257-08:00Tracking Point Precision Guided Firearms – sniper rifle (USA)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-7JuwFGsuG-Oj_Z6tFrIJXzC98fNPEhLpZcjtD8hllSsOnggQYw8MB_szxTxGpcKLeE6LF1H0R2v9kWEnjvjsfiyjZDrzWmuuU_-gpHWogjuspEeLFF20oIVRFXLeXcwVXQ21PnFdckI5/s1600/1413988914.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-7JuwFGsuG-Oj_Z6tFrIJXzC98fNPEhLpZcjtD8hllSsOnggQYw8MB_szxTxGpcKLeE6LF1H0R2v9kWEnjvjsfiyjZDrzWmuuU_-gpHWogjuspEeLFF20oIVRFXLeXcwVXQ21PnFdckI5/s1600/1413988914.jpg" height="100" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #eaeaea; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px;">Tracking Point Precision Guided Firearms bolt action rifle in 7.62х51 (.308)</span></td></tr>
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Tracking Point Precision Guided Firearms semi-auto rifle in 7.62х51 (.308)</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjITQg_NAcQ_Cr7xuL-KVcHxVjNSdNueoQFJqMAeD19eOqllnh1A572e02gWSebtRG-uLJuvC_UMOSY5wUqJ6gZ_4LJHL77PF2H_IqG8Y4c8sOb8RqCxKHlZ9rsq7_PwOcD4zjqzAY0-x_l/s1600/1413989005.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjITQg_NAcQ_Cr7xuL-KVcHxVjNSdNueoQFJqMAeD19eOqllnh1A572e02gWSebtRG-uLJuvC_UMOSY5wUqJ6gZ_4LJHL77PF2H_IqG8Y4c8sOb8RqCxKHlZ9rsq7_PwOcD4zjqzAY0-x_l/s1600/1413989005.jpg" height="96" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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Tracking Point Precision Guided Firearms bolt action rifle in .338 Lapua Magnum</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijHXpj5RRzQYKT3LZROrDZ0vuwSGYbeordqcVdJu-kidRiP1YRcLQrLWraPZMnXzbS2LP4YCnC00i3HRGMzWT0n2anHpQAdT9V6RiQC9U3CEdn72lOb1SSrQSLL9Z4fz3mQjCIzW9xEoT5/s1600/1413989035.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijHXpj5RRzQYKT3LZROrDZ0vuwSGYbeordqcVdJu-kidRiP1YRcLQrLWraPZMnXzbS2LP4YCnC00i3HRGMzWT0n2anHpQAdT9V6RiQC9U3CEdn72lOb1SSrQSLL9Z4fz3mQjCIzW9xEoT5/s1600/1413989035.jpg" height="96" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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Tracking Point Precision Guided Firearms semi-auto rifle in .300 Winchetser Magnum</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPWuCYvPNUxzknzeWBOTiI4ZfcgddlO-JVP2AOITDkNoU2PGGQSZj_6TNlrMilxd1RYMLFv4avcE0y9oHuP45-7NIKpgLTxtgicmktoZNMdG_ck9bJdA3Uk-JnYgAlLLZ17tD2NWpvY-wz/s1600/1413989080.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPWuCYvPNUxzknzeWBOTiI4ZfcgddlO-JVP2AOITDkNoU2PGGQSZj_6TNlrMilxd1RYMLFv4avcE0y9oHuP45-7NIKpgLTxtgicmktoZNMdG_ck9bJdA3Uk-JnYgAlLLZ17tD2NWpvY-wz/s1600/1413989080.jpg" height="303" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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Display view of the Tracking Point system a moment before "guided" shot is taken at the game</div>
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<span style="text-align: justify;">A line of hunting and sniper rifles, designed and sold by American company Tracking Point Inc under the brand “Precision Guided Firearms” is one of most innovative approaches in blending well-matured small arms technologies with rapidly evolving state-of-the-art computer applications such as image processing and recognition, ballistic calculations, visual data recording and transmission etc. Unlike previous computerized sighting systems for small arms, Tracking Point has integrated computer into the most important part of the shooting process – making the shoot exactly when the rifle is positioned as it should be to hit its intended target. Many previous systems allow automatic calculation of point of aim depending on actual distance to the target (measured by a laser rangefinder), atmospheric conditions and ballistic properties of the specific cartridge and rifle combination, preset by user. However, it is still up to the shooter to properly align the calculated point of impact with his desired point of aim, and pull the trigger at this specific moment. To solve the problem of the inherent instability of the human hands that hold the rifle, especially when shooting from unsupported position or under stress, Tracking Point used several technologies previously used in combat aircrafts. Some of these key technologies are image recognition and automated target tracking, plus use of a human operator input only as a general permission to release ordnance (or fire a shot, in this case), with actual moment of release or shot being calculated by a computer, based on a real-time ballistic solution against an automatically tracked target.</span></div>
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In general, shooting of any rifle (Precision Guided Firearm) by Tracking Point in its most automatic mode involves following steps:</div>
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- Acquire intended target on the display of the digital optical sight, using variable zoom options if required.</div>
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- Place the tag marker (dot shown on the display) over the desired point of impact on the target, and press the “tag” button at the front of the trigger guard. This forces built-in computer to do several steps, including: measure actual distance to the target, calculate ballistic solution based on the pre-programmed rifle and ammunition data, and to start automatically tracking the target within the field of view of the sight. This automatic tracking aligns visual tag mark on the screen with same spot of the tracked target, regardless of minute movements of the rifle as well as target’s own movements</div>
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- Align the aiming reticle (which designates calculated point of impact) with the visually tagged spot of the target. Once the aiming reticle is properly aligned with the tagged target, reticle color is changed, indicating that the rifle is actually “on target” and can be fired with high chances to hit intended spot.</div>
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- Pull and hold the “guided trigger”. This final user input actually serves as “permission to engage” for the system. As long as the trigger is pulled, computer dynamically and in real-time calculates relative positions of the tagged spot of the target with predicted point of impact, and automatically fires the gun as soon as these two calculated spots are converged.</div>
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Use of the integrated computer allows for dynamic tracking of moving targets, with real-time adjustments of the tag and calculated point of impact, which greatly simplifies shooting at real-life targets such as hinting game or enemy personnel, which rarely remains static for any noticeable amount of time. Other variables automatically taken into account by computer are external temperature, air pressure, ballistic properties of the ammunition and rifle, horizontal angle of rifle and its cant. Also, built-in laser barrel reference system ensures that sight would hold its factory-set “zero” regardless of how often sight was taken off and re-installed on the same rifle, and despite minor changes in the barrel due to temperature changes.</div>
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And as if it’s not enough for successful precision shooting, this highly integrated system offers much more. Thanks to Wi-Fi interface, built into its core computer, any Precision Guided Firearm can stream real-time sight picture (with all relevant computed information) to an external device, such as smartphone, handheld computer or digital glasses. This streamed video information can be viewed by others (i.e. instructor or spotter), stored for later review, or used for remote (over-the-corner) aiming and shooting of the gun. Also, at least in theory, and provided sufficient computing power and software upgrades, same system could be used to for multi-target “tag-tag shoot-shoot” scenarios, where operator can tag several targets within his point of view (i.e. small group of terrorists clustering together) and then proceed to move through tagged targets while pressing and holding the trigger, with rifle automatically shooting at each selected target as soon as the aim is true. Alternatively, if single target requires several hits, system can automatically restore tag to the same location over the target after each shot.</div>
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All in all, this integrated system allows for quantum leap in real-life shooting performance, especially at medium and long distances and against moving targets. It also allows for simpler engagement modes, where electronic sight is used to calculate ballistic solution to selected target but target “tagging” and “guided” trigger are not used.</div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
The Tracking Point claims that its 5.56mm semi-auto rifle can effectively engage moving targets at ranges of up to 500 meters with target moving as fast as 16 km/h (10 mph). Semi-automatic Precision Guided Firearm in .308 Win / 7.62 NATO can be used to effectively engage targets as far as 800 meters (0.5 mile) with target speed of up to 24 km/h (15 mph), and bolt action Precision Guided Firearm in .338 Lapua is claimed to do the job on ranges up to 1200 meters (0.75 mile) and with target moving as fast as 40 km/h (25 mph). Judging from available limited end user reports, Tracking Point rifles live up to their initial promises, allowing even relatively inexperienced shooters to achieve reliable hits with .308 Win Tracking Point rifle at ranges of up to 800 meters.</div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Precision Guided Firearm by Tracking Point is an integrated system, which, in minimal configuration, consists of a custom-built rifle with electronically controlled “guided” trigger and battery power pack integrated into the shoulder stock of semi-automatic rifle or into the sight itself for bolt action rifles. The core of the system is an electronic sight, which is mechanically attached to the top accessory rail of the rifle, and connected via the wiring to the trigger unit and battery pack. A the present time, Tracking Point rifles are pre-programmed for just a few factory-selected types of (match grade) ammunition, but this may change in future.</div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Host rifle can be semi-automatic or bolt action; current Tracking Point models are built on AR-10 / AR-15 style semi-automatic platforms in .223 Rem, .308 Win and .300 Win Mag calibers, as well as on manually operated, rotary bolt action rifles with detachable box magazines in .308 Win, .300 Win Mag and .338 Lapua Mag. These rifles represent more or less traditional high end designs modified with guided triggers and battery packs, as described above.</div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
The sight unit is a proprietary system, which consists of reprogrammable microcomputer, input video camera (image sensor) with objective lenses, built-in color display and an array of sensors that measure environmental conditions (temperature and pressure), position and movement of the rifle (compass, angle and cant sensors, accelerometers), range to the target (laser range finder), and relative alignment of the sight and barrel (laser). Additional modules include external interfaces (wired and wireless) used to upload new software and data to the sight and to transmit visual data to external devices such as virtual glasses, smartphone or iPad.</div>
<div style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
Computer performs all the calculations necessary to recognize and track the tagged target, calculate ballistic solution in real time, display all necessary info to the shooter and control the trigger in the “guided” firing mode.</div>
Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-79660519337625068542014-05-09T07:57:00.005-07:002014-05-09T07:57:39.461-07:00MSBS Radon assault rifle (Poland)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGTZLzZzxDMXRBB8abnsZzpxzmlRvyY6NTdBvqRHPHDCqPxQDCOkfKaeDWVJ9DivphlX4mXbiqNfdINM4uM4bQmiAJoHOg_C5FpG5C4Y7bAS_NXcpPKTNPGAEegW6x601ssyW7f8O4mrM5/s1600/1398808918.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGTZLzZzxDMXRBB8abnsZzpxzmlRvyY6NTdBvqRHPHDCqPxQDCOkfKaeDWVJ9DivphlX4mXbiqNfdINM4uM4bQmiAJoHOg_C5FpG5C4Y7bAS_NXcpPKTNPGAEegW6x601ssyW7f8O4mrM5/s1600/1398808918.jpg" height="252" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MSBS Radon assault rifles, Radon-B (bullpup) top and Radon-K (standard) bottom<br />
Photo: Leszek Erenfeicht, STRZAL gun magazine (Poland)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9H4WWInjRIbL2VgHWjCFLdMqOhTU0zhhUUlPStGsvkzcyZC-niYylYAkU7lq4Rl2Ua5x2ppS3OFDK6S4f1auwsWRyHYy_2GqCHu0JejIDGWq2fDnO5Z_qVX9PrJ58lWyjLSqLjKzLrxbw/s1600/1398808942.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9H4WWInjRIbL2VgHWjCFLdMqOhTU0zhhUUlPStGsvkzcyZC-niYylYAkU7lq4Rl2Ua5x2ppS3OFDK6S4f1auwsWRyHYy_2GqCHu0JejIDGWq2fDnO5Z_qVX9PrJ58lWyjLSqLjKzLrxbw/s1600/1398808942.jpg" height="245" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MSBS Radon assault rifles, Radon-B (bullpup) top and Radon-K (standard) bottom<br />
Photo: Leszek Erenfeicht, STRZAL gun magazine (Poland)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQUD-9Q0hov1gKE0jyJYCjUo3TJ7sgebVHAP5fDUvFtEc0hgTVd_2Oj942MplK2OaUQ_Qs6abp7ZyinyiIJckQi-NAbkrr79YhvcJgUFyvsxg0mquIx_zwQaKycqGEeY4rMdIjz6GM-EuU/s1600/1398808970.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQUD-9Q0hov1gKE0jyJYCjUo3TJ7sgebVHAP5fDUvFtEc0hgTVd_2Oj942MplK2OaUQ_Qs6abp7ZyinyiIJckQi-NAbkrr79YhvcJgUFyvsxg0mquIx_zwQaKycqGEeY4rMdIjz6GM-EuU/s1600/1398808970.jpg" height="222" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MSBS Radon-B (bullpup) rifle, partially disassembled<br />
Photo: Leszek Erenfeicht, STRZAL gun magazine (Poland)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizAQDJMBhIYaenVhDO6LDbXDmZAihkLrOnhAhNduM6sEILXQD-NhVPIAPT96kCLkvf1UJnfESI5RBfvkb7at_ntXOYQy_E9pU-FDa5-VXP88NvYMwt48WaR0QLxp78VyUkvHUu7MSDu7pZ/s1600/1398809000.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizAQDJMBhIYaenVhDO6LDbXDmZAihkLrOnhAhNduM6sEILXQD-NhVPIAPT96kCLkvf1UJnfESI5RBfvkb7at_ntXOYQy_E9pU-FDa5-VXP88NvYMwt48WaR0QLxp78VyUkvHUu7MSDu7pZ/s1600/1398809000.jpg" height="231" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">MSBS Radon-K (standard) rifle, partially disassembled<br />
Photo: Leszek Erenfeicht, STRZAL gun magazine (Poland)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 633px;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="width: 236px;">
<br />
</td>
<td style="width: 198px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong>MSBS-K</strong></div>
</td>
<td style="width: 198px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<strong>MSBS-B</strong></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 236px;">
<strong>Caliber</strong><br />
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 397px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
5.56x45 NATO</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 236px;">
<strong>Action</strong><br />
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 397px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
Gas operated</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 236px;">
<strong>Length, mm</strong><br />
</td>
<td style="width: 198px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
900 / 670</div>
</td>
<td style="width: 198px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
670</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 236px;">
<strong>Barrel length, mm</strong><br />
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 397px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
406</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 236px;">
<strong>Weight, kg</strong><br />
</td>
<td style="width: 198px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
3.65</div>
</td>
<td style="width: 198px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
3.55</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 236px;">
<strong>Rate of fire, rounds/minute</strong><br />
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 397px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
700</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 236px;">
<strong>Magazine capacity, rounds</strong><br />
</td>
<td colspan="2" style="width: 397px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
30</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
MSBS Radon modular weapon system is an indigenous development of Polish
Military Technical Academy (Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna) and Fabryka
Broni „Lucznik” – Radom weapons factory. MSBS stands for “Modułowy
Systema Broni Strzeleckiej” – modular small arms system. It is scheduled
to enter initial production for Polish army trials late in 2014. As of
now, MSBS system consist only of two weapons - MSBS-5.56B Radon-B
bullpup assault rifle, intended for Special Forces, and MSBS-5.56K
Radon-K standard configuration rifle intended for infantry and other
units. Future versions of the MSBS also may include heavy barreled
Designated Marksmen rifle and Squad Support Weapon (light machine gun).<br />
<br />
The backbone of MSBS system is an inverted U-shaped receiver, made from
aluminum alloy. This receiver, along with bolt group, return spring,
barrel and gas system are common for both current versions of MSBS
rifles.<br />
MSBS is operated using short stroke gas piston, located above the
barrel, and its gas system has manual gas regulator. Breech lock is
achieved by a conventional rotary bolt with seven radial lugs that lock
into the barrel extension. Ejection windows are made on both sides of
the receiver, and weapon can be set up to eject to either side; this
requires partial disassembly of the gun and installation of the ejection
port cover on the side opposite the “active” ejection window.
Non-reciprocating charging handles are located on both sides of the
receiver.<br />
<br />
Polymer stocks are made integral with magazine and trigger unit
housings (pistol grips are separate Ar15/M16-compatible parts), and
available in two versions – standard (with side-folding, telescoping
shoulder stock) and bullpup (with fixed buttplate). Both versions
feature ambidextrous safety / fire mode selectors located at the top of
the pistol grip, and ambidextrous magazine release buttons located in
front of the trigger guard. Bolt stop release buttons are located on the
underside of the stock, behind the magazine housing. Both stock
versions are interchangeable and attach to receiver using cross-pins.
Polymer forends also interchangeable. MSBS rifles are fed from
STANAG-compatible (M16-type) magazines. Sighting equipment is installed
using Picatinny rail at the top of the receiver. Both MSBS-5.56B Radon-B
bullpup and MSBS-5.56K Radon-K standard rifle can mount proprietary
knife-bayonet (above the barrel) and specially designed 40mm grenade
launcher (below the barrel).Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-11440650187017399502014-04-20T20:55:00.004-07:002014-04-20T20:55:58.450-07:00The 17-357 RG Project Cartridge<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3yTGxtOwo7hmjH2Rdlp2jm1wBnvAhkAnsQ4073R-aZQ2R-G44j3sAhbXqUiY8-cZVi-xjEGv-EZk1ADsvKRfBmQxUcTYlA5k_9ZI1iQs_pR_ZY2N9hyphenhyphen4k0A87iZfyJJw4qk2yUk7I81FF/s1600/17hmrand357sigcrt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3yTGxtOwo7hmjH2Rdlp2jm1wBnvAhkAnsQ4073R-aZQ2R-G44j3sAhbXqUiY8-cZVi-xjEGv-EZk1ADsvKRfBmQxUcTYlA5k_9ZI1iQs_pR_ZY2N9hyphenhyphen4k0A87iZfyJJw4qk2yUk7I81FF/s1600/17hmrand357sigcrt.jpg" height="338" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;">I was staring at
a couple of 17 HMR and 357 SIG
cartridges, while trying to scrape some recently fallen tuna and
mayo off of my keyboard, when my brain merged the images of the two
rounds into what looked like a miniature WSM. I
opened
RCBS.Load and QuickLOAD, working different
case configurations and powder alternatives, until I realized there was
potential for a nifty 17-357 RG cartridge. Before I get a pile of
email advising me that Kit Coyote, the famous Shooting Guns editor
made the same cartridge in '03, I would like to go on record saying
I don't care, and Kit is welcome to the fame he deserves from the
original effort. In fact, there are a number of .172 cartridges out
there, some with similar capacity
cases. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span>
<br />
<div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">The .17-22 Hornet
Ackley Improved with a 13.7 grain capacity case, the .17 Bumble Bee
with 9.2 grains of capacity, and the modified .30 carbine case .17 Pee Wee
with 14.4 grains of
capacity all have been with us for a long time. My interest in
a 17-357 RG is related to its short length, its large diameter rimless case and
perhaps a different pressure curve than the other noted cartridges.</span></div>
<div align="left">
<br /></div>
<div align="left">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div align="center">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>The Design</b></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBo4D33jBonOwLZO4aEzFJwpIP5SVRF-_zJjHSC19JHMP8VNTAPaYVTRZ9AXsCEhU1zUZ6sl-q8Yk3X-Ny6wQh31lz6cGPKsMi5SRSU8pqw6ZchjauT0GvVoSO-Gfl00TSk1zyU3_m1Xhq/s1600/17357rgclranddim.jpg" height="400" width="280" /></span> </b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div align="left">
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">No, this is not actual size, but it
might help you develop a feel for the real thing. It is a 357 SIG, or 40
S&W necked down to .172" caliber.</span><span style="font-size: small;"> The shoulder has been set back a bit
and changed to a 40 degree angle, the case headspaces on the
shoulder.</span></div>
<div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;"> </span>
</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"></span><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">If you handload the 357 SIG, you know
it has minimal surface area gripping the bullet. This case
configuration will provide .200" of neck length which is substantial
for the .172" diameter bullet and should hold all bullet weights
30 grains and below, adequately.</span></div>
<div align="left">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">Powder capacity is about 12.5 grains,
below the neck, which should be more than I need for a short barrel
application. If my calculations hold up, and my powder selections, I
think the 17-357 RG will be good for 2,000 fps out of a 4" barrel and
about 3,000 fps out of a 15" barrel. At some point in time, the
17-357 RG might find it's way into a relatively short barrel varmint rifle
where I believe 3,500 fps is a real potential. Fortunately, I have a lot of 357
SIG brass to work with over the next few months.</span></div>
<div align="left">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div align="center">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>You'd think a tiny case would be
less work....</b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">...but it isn't really. Primary
ingredients to this type of process are knowledge and experience. I
quickly came to the realization I had only limited amounts of both but, to my credit, I
knew where to find them in abundance. You'll frequently see me reference
CH4D in the context of dies and
handloading tools and accessories. Dave Davidson's shop has a
lot to offer, including friendly guidance and helpful
information. The 17-357 RG is a different flavor of wildcat cartridge for me.
More than simply necking up or down or blowing out a case, the
17-357 RG requires significant reshaping of brass, a task I could
not have approached without assistance. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXk1-y1DeCDChwAJ5CQsjqVcOcXiidkVcSOqwIg9_8wwBvKc9VNyVXhVe55HvPPKhKVGNerDXm3yhFvwjv5ts77fDTu7AviivtU-tfU6zVC1TBnEg2RufjdPQykKWf2cTx1xBLirN5xI5L/s1600/35717357rgcomp.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXk1-y1DeCDChwAJ5CQsjqVcOcXiidkVcSOqwIg9_8wwBvKc9VNyVXhVe55HvPPKhKVGNerDXm3yhFvwjv5ts77fDTu7AviivtU-tfU6zVC1TBnEg2RufjdPQykKWf2cTx1xBLirN5xI5L/s1600/35717357rgcomp.jpg" height="362" width="400" /></a></div>
<div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span> </span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">Changing
a small 357 SIG (Left) case into a 17-357 RG (Right) requires
finesse. There are a number of areas to consider. Cartridge
brass needs to be coaxed into shape in small increments.
What are the appropriate increments? I don't exactly know, and I
don't think there is a rigid rule to follow. Generally, one caliber
size change is not a big deal, maybe one and one half is reasonable.
I make .358-378 RG brass out of .378 Weatherby and .338-378
Weatherby brass all the time without much effort. I've also
frequently committed the crime of changing 40 S&W brass into 357 SIG
cases in a simple resizing operation. The degree of change across
these examples is
quite different. .017" reduction to 378 brass, .020"
expansion to the .338-378 brass and .045" reduction to the 40S&W
brass. The latter is the equivalent to the non-stop neck down of a
.308 Winchester case to a .260 <span style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: underline;" title="Remington">Remington</span>. So the answer regarding
acceptable increments of change varies.</span></div>
<div align="left">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">Dave, offered a rule of thumb to use when determine step increments of
case forming. He was also quick to note specific determination
would have to take into account what surfaces of the case were being
formed, what stresses were being exerted and what were the
characteristics of the material. Not so much as a representation of
a rigid formula to follow, this is an illustration of the changing
conditions that develop as cases are formed.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><blockquote>
<blockquote>
<div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">Neck OD / [10+((shoulder angle -
25)/3)] = Increment</span></div>
<div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Step 1</b> .381 /
[10+((18-25)/3) = .0497" </span></div>
<div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Step 2</b> .331 /
[10+((35-25)/3) = .0248"</span></div>
<div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Step 3</b> .306 /
[10+((40-25)/3) = .0204"</span></div>
</blockquote>
</blockquote>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">In reality, the progression
isn't
linear, the ever diminishing increments would eventually
reach the
handloader's equivalent of black hole singularity. In a non
Star Trek universe, the project requires 6 forming dies, a sizer, a
seater and a reamer die;
about 3 more than a turret head full. My guess is that I
will need to anneal brass part way through the process, as
it work
hardens and becomes fracture prone when bent, pushed or
shoved a few
times.
Proper annealing returns the
brass to a properly tempered state and allows it to be worked
further without splitting. This is something that will require a
degree of experimentation after the dies are delivered. In any
event, CH4D production lead time and cost were more than reasonable
so I placed an order for the die set. Since they are such a reliable shop, I was able
to
move on to other areas of the project, confident the dies would be
completed without a need for continual follow up.</span></div>
<div align="left">
<br /></div>
<div align="left">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div align="center">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Other dimensions and cutting
chambers</b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">The last item on the die list, the
reamer die is also something a little different for me. A
significant degree of necking size reduction results in a build up
of brass, a ring of undersized material at the interior intersection
of the case neck and shoulders. I do have a pilot/reamer for my
lathe type trimmers, but this type of reamer would only cut following the
existing inside neck opening and not necessarily make it parallel to
the outside neck surface. A reamer die
locates to the outside of the case neck, the same surface that
controls alignment of the case in the chamber, and clears the inside
of the case neck to this alignment. I expect I will try both methods
as well as some outside neck turning to get a uniform cylindrical
case neck. Which takes us to the next issue, the neck diameter.</span></div>
<div align="left">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">Most .172 caliber cartridges have an
outside case diameter of .199". When case necks are reduced in size,
the brass wall thickens, the increase proportional to the degree of
change. Following recommendations from CH4D, I had the reamer
made to cut the chamber for a nominal .205" neck. The sizer dies
will form brass to a .203" neck, a .423: head and a .422"
shoulder. Hopefully the result will be cases that chamber without
excess clearance, and room for a neck that will not require outside
turning. The dies can be tuned to fired brass at a later date. The
barrel throat will be .200" long and very close to .172". I
ran sample bullets through the comparator to arrive at the throat
length with some margin of safety. </span></div>
<div align="left">
<br /></div>
<div align="left">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div align="center">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>The Chamber Reamer</b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">This time I tried
Pacific Tool & Gauge
for the reamer. The initial service level was good, the prices
reasonable and lead time was consistent with other credible
suppliers. I was looking for a simple fixed pilot straight fluted
finisher, and got a removable pilot reamer and a headspace gauge for
less than the price of just a fixed pilot reamer from Clymer, and
they didn't forget my name is "Joe", twice, in a five minute phone
conversation.</span></div>
<div align="left">
<br /></div>
<div align="left">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div align="center">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Barrel work and project guns</b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">I asked
Dennis Olson if he could modify barrels for me . He indicated he
would, as long as he didn't have to make the autoloader version
cycle. There is just something about the energy of a 25 grain bullet
and moving an autoloader slide that isn't appealing to most people.
I will also send him a Contender barrel for modification, but he
doesn't know this at the moment. The result should be a 17-357 RG
P229 SIG and a T/C Contender. Getting a custom Contender barrel
takes a little work. Probably one of the better sources for T/C
barrels, Encore and Contender, is E.
Arthur Brown. They sell factory barrel, Thompson Center custom
shop barrels and their own custom barrels. They also provide
gunsmith service. Lead time on customs runs between 8 and 12 weeks,
however, so my current plan is to have Dennis line one of my
Contender barrels, and place a 15" barrel on order.</span></div>
<div align="left">
<br /></div>
<div align="left">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div align="center">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>Other things .172 related</b></span></div>
<div align="center">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyzf2CIH1DG5IVA-8BHOjNzazCd43I9FXE0ObB9YAvkWx6iKKOTQNK4CS4MiWtVjFVqDjZBJZFJHWnskq55mvkWcwomVz5MOT7Oyxwv1Z0T74OlXwaTnfCbj60rpUnjHfgPL-Uci9hewQP/s1600/bltszrngefrillus.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyzf2CIH1DG5IVA-8BHOjNzazCd43I9FXE0ObB9YAvkWx6iKKOTQNK4CS4MiWtVjFVqDjZBJZFJHWnskq55mvkWcwomVz5MOT7Oyxwv1Z0T74OlXwaTnfCbj60rpUnjHfgPL-Uci9hewQP/s1600/bltszrngefrillus.jpg" height="320" width="281" /></a></span> </b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">This
photo isn't an attempt to shrink the apparent size of a .172" bullet
by putting it next to a 50 BMG slug, these are all relatively common
calibers. Pictured R-L: .338" 270 grain Swift, .277" 150 grain
Nosler, .224" Sierra Varminter, .172" <span style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: underline;" title="Hornady">Hornady</span> 20 grain and .172"
Hornady 25 grain. Berger catalogs a long list of .172" bullets also,
some very long for bore size. As an example, their 37 grain is .865"
in length and requires a very tight rifling twist, something on the
order of 7". On general, .172" bullets are inexpensive, between 9
and 12 cents per from Hornady, about 16 to 20 cents from Berger, and
about...oops, there is nobody else. Perhaps with the release of a
number of sub .22 cartridges, there will be more. For now, between
the two companies there are lots of choices.</span></div>
<div align="left">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">When
I started shooting a Marlin 17 HMR I had to find undersize cleaning rods and jags.
With the addition of handloading the small caliber, I had to add a .172" funnel, a new .17 pilot
for the trimmer and a .17 pilot reamer for the same. The shell
plates are all SIG standard so I was all set for the rest of the
equipment, however, I am sure something else will come up along the
way. </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIAO9rwmaf8RfQvjqowvDdfc5lwYAf0lOIbv8MzZHUalB9AkN304tuyPq5-iAiYcB-Q4jz_ONJB0260YmFjTX0ppW7cnyuCew8GPd7HsSQ3rIT4j87kCJleseSyWSu2CV7j7tWJpzZHLVd/s1600/fnlpiltrmrfr172.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIAO9rwmaf8RfQvjqowvDdfc5lwYAf0lOIbv8MzZHUalB9AkN304tuyPq5-iAiYcB-Q4jz_ONJB0260YmFjTX0ppW7cnyuCew8GPd7HsSQ3rIT4j87kCJleseSyWSu2CV7j7tWJpzZHLVd/s1600/fnlpiltrmrfr172.jpg" height="320" width="238" /></a></div>
<div align="left">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">So the question one might ask is "Why?" or even, "No.
Really. Why?". The answer is performance with low noise levels,
lightweight equipment and pretty good reach. Even with my limited
.17 HMR experience I can understand why people would enjoy shooting
a 17 caliber gun. The performance potential is actually pretty
interesting from short barrel firearms. With a 3" target size, a
3.9" barrel would give you a near 150 yard point blank range and a
15" barrel would extend that to 200 yards; 250 yards with a 5" drop.
It would be great to have a super lightweight bolt gun with an 18"
barrel that could generate 3,500 fps. Then again, my calculations and assumptions
could just be all wrong , in which case and I will be the proud
owner of a low speed, low power SIG with a manually cycled slide. </span></div>
<div align="left">
<br /></div>
<div align="left">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div align="center">
<span style="font-size: small;"><b>A general note on custom cartridge or firearm
projects</b></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div align="left">
<span style="font-size: small;">Before I finish falling off my soap box - Outside
services have a great impact on projects. It is quite possible to
have limited choices when creating a wildcat, or designing a custom
rifle, because an outside service has a limited amount of
imagination and/or skill. I haul a <span style="cursor: pointer; text-decoration: underline;" title="Ruger">Ruger</span> No. 1 chambered for the
358-378 RG up to the range and shoot sub MOA groups all of the time.
The rifle handles well, recoil is moderate and I run full up
handloads through it. The gun even has the appearance I wanted, that
of a standard No. 1. It's a great firearm and I feel a lot of pride
of ownership in the result. But before the gun became a reality,
before I could even start the project, I had to work my way through
several large industry mainstay operations who could not offer
enough bad advice and editorial criticism. One such shop told me the
Ruger could not be chambered for a 378 Weatherby based cartridge; it
would blow up. Another told me the Ruger was inherently inaccurate
and would never perform well. Yet another told me a button rifled
barrel could not be profiled without a drastic loss of accuracy, and
original barrel hardware could not reasonably be transferred. With a
little persistence and assistance from talented services, the
finished product exceeded my expectations; my original thoughts,
plus the improvements suggested by quality services. The 17-357 RG
is off to a good start.</span></div>
Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-28526575625109104402014-04-20T20:46:00.003-07:002014-04-20T20:46:45.994-07:00Desert Tech Deserttech MDR MDR-C automatic rifle (USA)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ8hjQ87PHVz54trNK98wfVshsYqVHIBiMSSHNsqqeb8VyUsnZx2Tcvb8nQKbm5KqZTpA2tIEyMOKiU2Q3FZz-7cEXroe8IljTH2tFvcgKkHofGxJ-yYxj6rxl0fBhgCmsOSnhfEmh-qJW/s1600/1397508861.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQ8hjQ87PHVz54trNK98wfVshsYqVHIBiMSSHNsqqeb8VyUsnZx2Tcvb8nQKbm5KqZTpA2tIEyMOKiU2Q3FZz-7cEXroe8IljTH2tFvcgKkHofGxJ-yYxj6rxl0fBhgCmsOSnhfEmh-qJW/s1600/1397508861.jpg" height="143" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Desert Tech MDR rifle, basic version in 7.62x51mm (.308 Win)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV95te-kO8VHX0p3BznexV27iEZ6gYrTT5SHi4NqBAGLULz4FOabSAh3XjT49MrTXNz2GZntWagG6RmqA_6VqYkK1NSVUFaYpuVpzQC4QJLJCRJkvzq7woQtMVJPtOIBjTXN8z7W_fNK9d/s1600/1397508887.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgV95te-kO8VHX0p3BznexV27iEZ6gYrTT5SHi4NqBAGLULz4FOabSAh3XjT49MrTXNz2GZntWagG6RmqA_6VqYkK1NSVUFaYpuVpzQC4QJLJCRJkvzq7woQtMVJPtOIBjTXN8z7W_fNK9d/s1600/1397508887.jpg" height="162" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Desert Tech MDR rifle, basic version in 7.62x51mm (.308 Win)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWVchXPPHKvoz2PHilj2NH7UDWmmwgkyhcmA7V05mkJWTR3My_mYPsJ28lH1KPh-MEKzAfHWUsFURcihMFpxVkhD7nlMk9S7A2eZdZdP2Optwk3qw651EHJgLDv0Eu9zJZwOIBYFyGYJLD/s1600/1397508920.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWVchXPPHKvoz2PHilj2NH7UDWmmwgkyhcmA7V05mkJWTR3My_mYPsJ28lH1KPh-MEKzAfHWUsFURcihMFpxVkhD7nlMk9S7A2eZdZdP2Optwk3qw651EHJgLDv0Eu9zJZwOIBYFyGYJLD/s1600/1397508920.jpg" height="181" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Desert Tech MDR-C rifle, compact (short barrel) version in 5.56x45 (.223 Rem)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiE6qJy_0fZSfBqKsmoganaECe73BYlmveofAR72FxgtmmnLzvSG-3wo1FQkzOsRlPbu_y24mwIqVS-mnrR1YRa1Jw54AgX0rXzpPdZSS1UXEBwmMRY2cwiM8aVyUxMGDfLrkoaNlyp7-Y/s1600/1397508948.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiE6qJy_0fZSfBqKsmoganaECe73BYlmveofAR72FxgtmmnLzvSG-3wo1FQkzOsRlPbu_y24mwIqVS-mnrR1YRa1Jw54AgX0rXzpPdZSS1UXEBwmMRY2cwiM8aVyUxMGDfLrkoaNlyp7-Y/s1600/1397508948.jpg" height="186" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Desert Tech MDR rifle, close-up view to ejection port cover with forward-facing ejection tunnel</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4wyTpAXphnDUNKACPM0iOsKKD6fyNuCeXHjkg0U3hQQKASr07pDnxfane1IPGvNYv8dufU9QhyphenhyphenN7lTH-sUczdhE9NbmwGwIQ7sJ4aFukw7cRGhgP2EJ8gnpJtQxMY0_BO83KejpWcW5FL/s1600/1397508973.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4wyTpAXphnDUNKACPM0iOsKKD6fyNuCeXHjkg0U3hQQKASr07pDnxfane1IPGvNYv8dufU9QhyphenhyphenN7lTH-sUczdhE9NbmwGwIQ7sJ4aFukw7cRGhgP2EJ8gnpJtQxMY0_BO83KejpWcW5FL/s1600/1397508973.jpg" height="206" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Desert Tech MDR rifle, close-up view to ejection port with cover opened
down to show the bolt (held back by bolt hold-open device; seen on the
left) and the ejection lever in its operating position (in the middle)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="width: 236px;">
<strong>Caliber</strong><br />
</td>
<td style="width: 406px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
7.62x51 NATO, 7.62x39 M43, .300 AAC Blackout, 6.8x43 Rem SPC, 5.56x45 NATO</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 236px;">
<strong>Action</strong><br />
</td>
<td style="width: 406px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
Gas operated</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 236px;">
<strong>Length, mm</strong><br />
</td>
<td style="width: 406px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
702 (with 406mm barrel)</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 236px;">
<strong>Barrel length, mm</strong><br />
</td>
<td style="width: 406px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
406 (16”) or 267 (10.5”)</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 236px;">
<strong>Weight, kg</strong><br />
</td>
<td style="width: 406px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
3.2 – 3.4</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 236px;">
<strong>Rate of fire, rounds/minute</strong><br />
</td>
<td style="width: 406px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
No data</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="width: 236px;">
<strong>Magazine capacity, rounds</strong><br />
</td>
<td style="width: 406px;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
20 (7.62x51), 30</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
MDR rifle is a product of the US-based company Desert Tech LLC
(Deserttech, former Desert Tactical Arms). MDR rifle was first displayed
to the public at ShotShow-2014, and is scheduled to enter production in
2015. It is intended primary to arm various Special Operations elements
of Law Enforcement and Military forces, as its basic version is a
select-fire weapon. A semi-automatic only version of the MDR is also
planned for civilian sales.<br />
<br />
Desert Tech MDR automatic rifle is a modular, multi-caliber weapon with
compact bullpup layout. It is built around the powerful 7.62x51 NATO
(.308 Win) ammunition, and can be easily adapted to a number of smaller
and less powerful rounds with replacement of the barrel and bolt head,
and installation of the magazine well adapter. Barrel lengths and
calibers can be changed by the end user within minutes with minimum
amount of tools. It can be configured into two basic versions, MDR
(standard) and MDR-C (compact), the latter being better suited to short
barrels and CQB work.<br />
<br />
Desert Tech MDR rifle is gas operated, with conventional rotary bolt
with seven radial lugs that lock into the barrel extension. Gas system
features gas piston, located above the barrel, and a manual gas
regulator.<br />
MDR rifle is designed to be completely ambidextrous. Most interesting
feature of MDR is its ejection system. Ejection window is made in the
right side of the receiver, and ejector is made in the form of a
swinging lever, attached to the left inner wall of receiver. Once the
spent cartridge case is fully extracted from the chamber, the ejector
lever kicks it from the left, pushing the case to the right and out of
the ejection window. The window is provided with cover, which has a
forward-pointing ejection tunnel. When ejection port cover is closed,
ejector lever pushes the spent case against the inner wall of the
ejection tunnel, and forward-moving bolt then pushes the case through
the tunnel and out of the gun. This results in spent cases flying
forward and to the right, well clear of the face of the left-hand
shooting operator. In case of any trouble, the ejection port cover can
be opened (swung down) in a second, resulting in a conventional side
ejection pattern and providing means to quickly clear jams or examine
chamber without any disassembly. Charging handle can be installed by the
user on either side of the gun, and three-position safety / selector
levers are provided on both sides of the pistol grip. Magazine release
buttons are located in front of the trigger guard, roughly on the same
place as on any M16 / Ar15 style rifles. Pushing the button releases the
magazine catch and allows the magazine to drop free. Combined with bolt
hold-open device, this feature is intended to speed up reloads.<br />
Outer shell of the gun is made from impact-resistant polymer, and MDR
is available with two user-changeable forend configurations – standard
and compact (MDR-C). Sighting equipment can be installed according to
user preferences or upcoming mission profile on the integrated top
Picatinny rail. There is also a patent pending sighting system that
will include a front sight attached to the barrel. This front sight
will be adjustable for windage and elevation. With this system each
barrel will keep its zero so there is no need to re-zero the iron sights
when a caliber is changed.Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-1502430221733720162014-04-05T21:06:00.006-07:002014-04-05T21:06:45.468-07:00Beretta ARX-160 assault rifle (Italy)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCtPG33LSM1uFqxX89U9pKYl4A92f2ywowEH-lW2yAdcB2Mq-PPLYZcQyy4_B0KYrXyFmzZDlt0dMWGwT68qsMGvciptDn1Flj1TSq3oir6F9ihZDrCAimn3H286_0eqR2QAnFOew-mcWO/s1600/beretta_arx160-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCtPG33LSM1uFqxX89U9pKYl4A92f2ywowEH-lW2yAdcB2Mq-PPLYZcQyy4_B0KYrXyFmzZDlt0dMWGwT68qsMGvciptDn1Flj1TSq3oir6F9ihZDrCAimn3H286_0eqR2QAnFOew-mcWO/s1600/beretta_arx160-1.jpg" height="138" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="background-color: #eaeaea; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Beretta ARX-160 assault rifle, early prototype (ca.2008)</em></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFrQ5F-e40E7ymCLPooeYQtuytjOcUa_ZYWVWHkGyUC4jL-w-bOuspn9y3aSZE1QqtRaHaNHpKGA-axFiGCBHsjBgt-VlOjC38orp7aQ8LokILODi2b7hgVMRLW1LZUSHYxj1wnYJ9YQub/s1600/1395708056.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFrQ5F-e40E7ymCLPooeYQtuytjOcUa_ZYWVWHkGyUC4jL-w-bOuspn9y3aSZE1QqtRaHaNHpKGA-axFiGCBHsjBgt-VlOjC38orp7aQ8LokILODi2b7hgVMRLW1LZUSHYxj1wnYJ9YQub/s1600/1395708056.jpg" height="157" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #eaeaea; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 18px;">Beretta ARX-160 assault rifle, production version (2013) in 5.56x45 NATO</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbZuZFkjIJiYpCllk43GFH6MoY5gRYVmI9gHmDP_6z8mrSrfhKou7oxzTLpHZ8Wi09FgmRUBoAxf2h6fSpyRny35FWhLCqYLWO49pxMT-eSJX5JepHM8vjoUHbEV_uMUEGt8gWsslCc8ol/s1600/1395708126.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbZuZFkjIJiYpCllk43GFH6MoY5gRYVmI9gHmDP_6z8mrSrfhKou7oxzTLpHZ8Wi09FgmRUBoAxf2h6fSpyRny35FWhLCqYLWO49pxMT-eSJX5JepHM8vjoUHbEV_uMUEGt8gWsslCc8ol/s1600/1395708126.jpg" height="147" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #eaeaea; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 18px;">Beretta ARX-160 assault rifle, production version (2013) in 7.62x39 M43 Russian</span> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbdulo7dQ853gixYdDGR6Ft7GxVdvoOJStGjMplw-yWy23AI1hyysPaaabi0mGhwgCP6cuMiPUiMASKZhBI3F_q812NGGE37mAh_t9AaJNpoVU0QPSxFsQqo-YuzIAfbfOErUQMoJLzaA0/s1600/1395709329.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjbdulo7dQ853gixYdDGR6Ft7GxVdvoOJStGjMplw-yWy23AI1hyysPaaabi0mGhwgCP6cuMiPUiMASKZhBI3F_q812NGGE37mAh_t9AaJNpoVU0QPSxFsQqo-YuzIAfbfOErUQMoJLzaA0/s1600/1395709329.jpg" height="130" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;"><span style="background-color: #eaeaea; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 18px;">Beretta ARX-160 assault rifle, production version with GLX-160 grenade launcher</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiytOcLP8ajoWB-d10eGh1CceSpIsWuO9LUD3gccbuhS2RZtK8iFc7BoFtIH8JFBYnhwOEk7A11MpaWKzZU560Hjt2cGFz3m93EibCjF498oaBBZAZE2xgVyMFvr0kJ_W-lHQk8FYYOnQki/s1600/1395708157.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiytOcLP8ajoWB-d10eGh1CceSpIsWuO9LUD3gccbuhS2RZtK8iFc7BoFtIH8JFBYnhwOEk7A11MpaWKzZU560Hjt2cGFz3m93EibCjF498oaBBZAZE2xgVyMFvr0kJ_W-lHQk8FYYOnQki/s1600/1395708157.jpg" height="176" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #eaeaea; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 18px;">Beretta ARX-100 self-loading rifle for civilian use, in 7.62x39 Russian</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUhSP9PKWy0ghoeivkT8Oy5n9MOwgbQKQ0Okze5i78vUji6Dm7QQRXzgchMri808N0Q-aB0VylFNha6w7wwOUT92XEguI49SIfSjcZE-NG9lXWYaYqbRPcOOf_msOOo7k5It3WS0J5fou2/s1600/1395709298.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUhSP9PKWy0ghoeivkT8Oy5n9MOwgbQKQ0Okze5i78vUji6Dm7QQRXzgchMri808N0Q-aB0VylFNha6w7wwOUT92XEguI49SIfSjcZE-NG9lXWYaYqbRPcOOf_msOOo7k5It3WS0J5fou2/s1600/1395709298.jpg" height="250" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="background-color: #eaeaea; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14.545454025268555px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Beretta ARX-160 assault rifle partially disassembled</em></td></tr>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Caliber</b>: 5.56x45mm NATO, 7.62x39 M43<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Action:</b> Gas operated, rotating bolt<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Overall length</b>: 820-900 mm with 406 mm barrel and butt in ready position; 680 mm with butt folded<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Barrel length</b>: 305 mm / 12" or 406 mm / 16", quick changeable<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Weight</b>: ~ 3.1 kg with 406 mm barrel, w/o mag<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Rate of fire</b>: 700 rounds per minute<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Magazine capacity</b>: 30 rounds</div>
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The Beretta ARX-160 assault rifle is manufactured by famous Beretta company in Italy. Starting 2012, ARX-160 rifle is in use by Italian army. It is also offered for export, with initial customers being Special Forces of Algeria, Egypt and Kazakhstan (latter bought 7.62x39 version). A semi-automatic only version of the ARX-160 is offered for civilian sales as Beretta ARX-100 rifle, also in 5.56 / .223 Rem and 7.62x39.</div>
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The Beretta ARX-160 assault rifle is gas operated weapon that utilizes conventional piston-operated action, with short stroke gas piston located above the barrel. Barrel locking is achieved by more or less conventional rotary bolt. Unlike most other assault rifles, the Beretta ARX-160 assault rifle features quick-detachable barrels, which can be changed by operator in the field by depressing the barrel release button (located on right side of receiver, in front of magazine housing), pulling the barrel forward and out of the gun, and then inserting another (or same) barrel back. The receiver consists of two parts, upper (which holds barrel and bolt group) and lower (which hosts magazine housing, trigger unit and pistol grip). Both halves are made from impact-resistant polymer and connected using special quick-release locks, so there are no pins to push out (and lose). Another interesting and unusual feature of the Beretta ARX-160 assault rifle is that it has selectable left / right side ejection system with dual ejection ports (on either side of the gun) and user-switchable left / right position of cocking handle. To change the direction of empty case ejection, user has to push the cross-bolt button, located above and slightly to the rear of pistol grip, by the tip of the bullet (or other pointed item). This affects dual extractor-ejector claws, installed on the bolt, forcing them to eject spent cartridge to the desired side without any further disassembly of the gun or parts change. Charging handle, which is attached to the bolt carrier, also can be installed on either side of the gun. The Beretta ARX-160 assault rifle fires from closed bolt, in single shots and full automatic mode, and has ambidextrous safety / fire mode selector switch conveniently located above pistol grip. Upper receiver is fitted with full-length Picatinny type rail, made of aluminum, which can accommodate a wide variety of sighting equipment, including iron, telescopic, red-dot or electronic sights. Standard open sights are mounted on folding bases using rail interface. Additional lengths of Picatinny rail are installed on the forend on 3-, 6- and 9- o'clock positions. Lower (6-o'clock) position rail is strong enough to host GLX 160 40mm single-shot grenade launcher. Standard buttstock is also made of plastic, and folds to the right side. The buttstock is of telescoped, user-adjustable design.</div>
Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-79028656246257332592013-03-11T21:34:00.001-07:002013-03-11T21:34:18.265-07:00MG 42 and MG 3 machine gun (Germany)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6cfS3Dh-9DEmb1sccBmdtVGkUuzgS6ugzyFTaT8YmQyFbjbSoesMrvF1D6MDS60z3_HWexIEorGNx2JHpn43IzjX9n1h2HDBbLw3Z_fSLxJFWxXMACRg1lUGnmO67tyITR_e1XSAgfR5U/s1600/mg3_pak.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6cfS3Dh-9DEmb1sccBmdtVGkUuzgS6ugzyFTaT8YmQyFbjbSoesMrvF1D6MDS60z3_HWexIEorGNx2JHpn43IzjX9n1h2HDBbLw3Z_fSLxJFWxXMACRg1lUGnmO67tyITR_e1XSAgfR5U/s400/mg3_pak.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>MG3 machine gun in "light machine gun" role, as made under license in Pakistan.</em></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG0pyU4IOieh6k1Rsmxji9Gfjt2F89vvgLhJykb-zvvdMtYMeUxCcl7ObPK2Oi0ZrJxj7Yhm9Eu1_P1Of0bEacD2joBsaX15clvjxdKk9_0jMLa6m2mdiFqlZGKVKrRBa3y5ozFOvHulFi/s1600/mg3_irn.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG0pyU4IOieh6k1Rsmxji9Gfjt2F89vvgLhJykb-zvvdMtYMeUxCcl7ObPK2Oi0ZrJxj7Yhm9Eu1_P1Of0bEacD2joBsaX15clvjxdKk9_0jMLa6m2mdiFqlZGKVKrRBa3y5ozFOvHulFi/s400/mg3_irn.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em> MG3 machine gun in "mdeium machine gun" role, as made in Iran.</em></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQhKR1qo8-dK7snkCjeBeGvIKFQHicvMmXkMs1l9zKyaxtSDnnR3H1-3iK77qU-9fStfca0ypSf2RK1a_ZD-axNCrXA1VIi9_ntSe42UiwP15elJsdBQ8ay2paBkeMvKqSIY5gVg2calDV/s1600/mg3_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQhKR1qo8-dK7snkCjeBeGvIKFQHicvMmXkMs1l9zKyaxtSDnnR3H1-3iK77qU-9fStfca0ypSf2RK1a_ZD-axNCrXA1VIi9_ntSe42UiwP15elJsdBQ8ay2paBkeMvKqSIY5gVg2calDV/s400/mg3_01.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Germansoldier aiming the MG3, fitted with EOTech holosight red-dot
optics anda 50-round plastic belt container (which appears to be empty).</em></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKC859wdyGgOzR_3-sAgZbVtQ92ekfFYPZxK4VV9YzaR_11N6J0Vqz18brfy9ACdBnCJVrVQszkyA6TUipWUTAylzhtFM9o92n4qlU7n4FDWAw1kG67yH88dtHu1oaWpIHbv_8TQPqhWEj/s1600/mg42_01.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="105" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKC859wdyGgOzR_3-sAgZbVtQ92ekfFYPZxK4VV9YzaR_11N6J0Vqz18brfy9ACdBnCJVrVQszkyA6TUipWUTAylzhtFM9o92n4qlU7n4FDWAw1kG67yH88dtHu1oaWpIHbv_8TQPqhWEj/s400/mg42_01.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em> MG 42 machine gun in LMG role, right sideview with bipod folded and carrying sling attached.</em></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_FsQUXjZXf67u34IixP1_XMnG-d8rzhHZnJCPkDZ1rRFdJ0zR1VD4-p0KqfZQAMvDAFTm48-ypqV69hcnmf-TnieWmup8cH7Iv_Tv9Rfk3JgoWeRHFFSbRu_Lz-hrXCQ4Ug0CoiotyG-Q/s1600/mg42_03.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_FsQUXjZXf67u34IixP1_XMnG-d8rzhHZnJCPkDZ1rRFdJ0zR1VD4-p0KqfZQAMvDAFTm48-ypqV69hcnmf-TnieWmup8cH7Iv_Tv9Rfk3JgoWeRHFFSbRu_Lz-hrXCQ4Ug0CoiotyG-Q/s400/mg42_03.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>MG 42 machine gun in MMG role, on infantrytripod mount Lafette 42.</em></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjzeKcYQAW8GDI3kzokhC4_5N7P_T9e4TX2XsbWzxqvcVWtpiDjC1HRVhZtdRdi8B4o2RhaC5tsDLyZkMdjNYxI-bDFQ7n99LakaVKkji-OYCT1OfWQEjaNzWi2ulErTphXUTgpl62cm9j/s1600/mg42_02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjzeKcYQAW8GDI3kzokhC4_5N7P_T9e4TX2XsbWzxqvcVWtpiDjC1HRVhZtdRdi8B4o2RhaC5tsDLyZkMdjNYxI-bDFQ7n99LakaVKkji-OYCT1OfWQEjaNzWi2ulErTphXUTgpl62cm9j/s400/mg42_02.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em> MG 42 machine gun in LMG role, left sideview, with bipod extended.</em></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiBxW-lfYFjjmDVrZ7a4_Rr0Hi7HJsD8Q3J_7n0BvkOe92BOYXnkPkpvDo_tr4YCz64TOM0Vvo-kxeVdJErN811uhztz0jcya-o_AZAeDxPyxuOTuDf7wV_dRsVMOMeHrEfHQmop-VnbCC/s1600/mg42_04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiBxW-lfYFjjmDVrZ7a4_Rr0Hi7HJsD8Q3J_7n0BvkOe92BOYXnkPkpvDo_tr4YCz64TOM0Vvo-kxeVdJErN811uhztz0jcya-o_AZAeDxPyxuOTuDf7wV_dRsVMOMeHrEfHQmop-VnbCC/s400/mg42_04.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Barrel change for MG 42 - barrelis unlatched and its breech part is exposed for removal.</em></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4FPwXE_4wKzi1qipo5U0ZSEmQLhxkUCuBmerETgWAwdTR8wVqYs2g0ETaPIDlnvhSKTylkX-4ZpDf-wFc2-JGHBO_0zGw4yS51UN0V73DdAMmS5mWb-vLXb-u2mq-VQ9OK1v3tV4SJmau/s1600/mg42bolt1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="298" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4FPwXE_4wKzi1qipo5U0ZSEmQLhxkUCuBmerETgWAwdTR8wVqYs2g0ETaPIDlnvhSKTylkX-4ZpDf-wFc2-JGHBO_0zGw4yS51UN0V73DdAMmS5mWb-vLXb-u2mq-VQ9OK1v3tV4SJmau/s400/mg42bolt1.gif" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em> MG-42, bolt assembly schematic.</em></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga8c36zg2rka5GZVJSlcvk1Anq97thgmSILPEdT_LkYW6qbqNcWiudzIgzr1Xekh6R7muQuNEI87MkE56XYhu0MO_DNk4uZfchYOmXyPtiJyZkvSm8neT9RfAL_DKQ-5Ebc9RSdIxNKRTL/s1600/mg42bolt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEga8c36zg2rka5GZVJSlcvk1Anq97thgmSILPEdT_LkYW6qbqNcWiudzIgzr1Xekh6R7muQuNEI87MkE56XYhu0MO_DNk4uZfchYOmXyPtiJyZkvSm8neT9RfAL_DKQ-5Ebc9RSdIxNKRTL/s400/mg42bolt.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em> MG-42,bolt assembly, with locking rollers and extractor claw seen at theright and belt-feed operating stud at the left.</em></td></tr>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="width: 100%;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">
MG 42</td>
<td style="font-weight: bold; text-align: center;">
MG 3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<b>Caliber</b></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
7,92x57</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
7,62x51</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<b>Weigth</b></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
11,6 kg (gun) + 20,5 kg (<span style="font-style: italic;">Lafette 42</span> trpod)</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
10,5 (gun) + various tripods</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<b>Length</b></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
1219 mm</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
1225 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<b>Lengthof barrel</b></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
533mm</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
565 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<span style="font-weight: bold;">Feed</span></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
belt</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
belt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<b>Rateof fire</b></td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
1200- 1500 rounds per minute</td>
<td style="text-align: center;">
700-800or 1100-1200 rounds per mniute</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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With adoption of the <a href="http://world.guns.ru/mg32-e.htm" style="color: #3226b6; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">MG 34</a> machine gun the Wehrmacht had the weapon that was envisaged some 20 years before, and the MG 34 bears the distinction of being the first practical universal (or general purpose) machine gun. While the <a href="http://world.guns.ru/mg32-e.htm" style="color: #3226b6; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">MG 34</a> was good and practical, it was certainly not ideal. German experts wanted their machine guns to fire faster, while being simpler and less costly. A high rate of fire was desirable both for AA applications and for surprise flanking fire against targets moving through the battlefield. As early as 1937 HWaA issued a request for the next new universal machine gun,and three companies received development contracts – Johannes Grossfuss AG, Stubgen AG and Rheinmetall-Borsig AG. In 1939 a commission selected the Grossfuss-made MG 39 prototype for further development. Designed by engineer Gruner (often wrongfully referred to as Grunow) and small arms designer Horn, new weapon, in accordance with HWaA request, had a stamped steel construction, combined with locked breech, short recoil action. Initial trials suggested that the Grossfuss MG needed further development, and in late 1941 a small batch(about 1500 pieces) of improved guns was manufactured for troop trials as the MG 39/41.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> The new machine gun, while being made tolower standards of fit and finish, proved to be quite functional and reliable (a feature that the much more “refined” <a href="http://world.guns.ru/machine/de/mg-34-e.html" style="color: #3226b6; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">MG 34</a> lacked, especially in themud and snow of the Russian front). Subsequently, it was officially adopted as the MG 42, and production commenced later the same year.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> In general terms, the MG 42 was a great success. It fulfilled the roles of a light machine gun on a bipod, a medium machine gun (on a newly developed <span style="font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Lafette 42</span> tripod), and an anti-aircraft machine gun, mounted in single and twin installations, ground and vehicle-mounted. It was relatively inexpensive to make and required less raw materials than the <a href="http://world.guns.ru/machine/de/mg-34-e.html" style="color: #3226b6; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">MG 34</a>, and it was simple to maintain and use. On the minus side, it had a somewhat excessive rate of fire, usually quoted as 1200 rounds per minute, although German WW2 era manuals listed it as 1500 rounds per minute (25 rounds per second).This rate of fire resulted in excessive consumption of ammunition and rapid overheating. While the extremely rapid barrel change procedure allowed for sustained fire, the resulting accuracy left something to be desired; excessive vibration from recoil, combined with a short sight radius, resulted in degraded long range accuracy compared with earlier <a href="http://world.guns.ru/machine/de/mg-34-e.html" style="color: #3226b6; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">MG 34</a> and,especially, the heavy MG 08 Maxim guns. Nonetheless the MG 42 was an impressive and fearsome weapon, known among Allied soldiers as“Hitler’s saw”, for the sound of the firing which resembled the sound of a giant mechanical saw.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> After the WW2 this weapon, unlike other wartime designs, lived on, as in 1958, the FRG (WestGermany) re-instituted its official armed force, known as the Bundeswehr. Since the core of the Bundeswehr was formed of WW2 veterans, it was logical to adopt weapons which were already proven and familiar to the troops; and the MG 42 was one of such weapons. It was,obviously, chambered for a ‘non-NATO’ cartridge, but this was only a minor issue, as the 7.62x51 NATO and 7.92x57 Mauser shared the same cartridge base diameter, and were somewhat similar in ballistics. The real problem, however, was that Germany had lost most manufacturing facilities for the MG 42, so the newly reestablished Rheinmetall concern had to install production facilities from the ground up. The production documentation for original MG 42 machine guns was obtained from Grossfuss company and transferred to Rheinmetall (German government had to pay significant royalties to Johannes Grossfuns for manufacturing rights). Since the preparation for manufacture took sometime, the FRG purchased some ex-Wehrmacht MG 42 weapons from other countries. Those guns were converted to 7.62 NATO by Rheinmetall and officially designated MG 2. The newly produced MG 1 guns went through a number of modifications, which resulted in the definitive MG 3 version,which still is rather close in design to the war-time MG 42, although made to much higher standards of fit and finish. The simplicity, low manufacturing cost and high effectiveness of the MG 3 attracted several other countries, which either bought the guns from Rheinmetall (such as Denmark), or obtained manufacturing licenses and build (or at least have built in the past) the same guns domestically (such as Italy, Iran, Turkey, Pakistan and Yugoslavia). In total, at least twenty armies have used or still are using the MG 3 and its versions.It must be noted that in some countries these guns were used under their "commercial" Rheinmetall designation MG 42/59.</div>
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The MG 42is a short-recoil operated, air cooled, belt fed weapon which fires from an open bolt. The barrel is quick-removable, and can be replaced in less than six seconds by a properly trained crew, although an asbestos glove is required to remove the hot barrel. The action of the weapon is operated by the recoil of the locked barrel, assisted by a muzzle booster which uses pressure from the muzzle blast to increase the recoil impulse. Locking is achieved by a pair of rollers, which are forced outwards from the sides of the bolt head to engage cuts in the barrel extension. Locking (outward) movement of the rollers is controlled by the wedge-shaped front part of the bolt body; unlocking(inward) movement of the rollers by the cams made in the receiver. This is a simple and solid system which minimizes the length of parts that are under stress upon discharge, and also minimizes the strain on the receiver. On MG 3 machine guns, two types of bolts are available, with standard weight (about 650 gram) for fast rate of fire and with heavyweight (about 900 gram) for slow rate of fire. It must be noted that those bolts also are used along with different return springs.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> The receiver and barrel jacket are made in one unit, and formed from a sheet of rolled steel,cut to shape by pressing and stamping, and then welded and pinned to form a gun housing of generally rectangular cross-section. The front part of the housing serves as a barrel jacket and has a number of oval cooling slots at all sides except the right. The right side of the jacket has one long slot which is used to remove the barrel. The barrel is held in place by a hinged lock, located at the rear of the opening in the right side of the jacket. To remove the barrel, the operator must first lock the bolt in the open position (cock the weapon), and then turn the barrel lock to the right and forward. This will release the barrel and bring its breech area out of the jacket, so it can be grabbed (using the issued asbestos glove or other heat insulation means if the barrel is hot) and pulled back and out of the jacket. The new barrel is then inserted all the way forward and lock then is snapped into place, bringing the barrel into alignment with the action.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> The gun is fed using belts only. Feed direction is from the left to right;the feed is of the one-stage, push-through type. The belt is same as for the MG 34, with steel links with open pockets, assembled into non-disintegrating 50-round lengths. The same MG 34 type “Gurttrommel”50-round drum-type belt containers can be used with the MG 42, and a new type of lightweight plastic 50-round belt container was developed in West Germany by HK and is now issued with MG 3 guns. The belt feed is operated by the reciprocating bolt which has a roller at the top of its body. This roller engages the cam track in the oscillating lever, located in the top-opening feed cover. The lever operates the belt pawls in two steps, on both opening and closing movement of the bolt, resulting in a smooth and positive feed. This two-step belt traction is particularly useful because the high rate of fire results in high-speed belt movement, and this system reduces the strain put on both the feed unit and belt links. Current production MG 3 guns can fire either non-desintegrating or desintegrating belts.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> The trigger unit is ofrelatively simple design, and permits for automatic fire only. The manual safety is of the cross-bolt, push button type, located at the top of the pistol grip. The charging handle is located at the right side of the receiver, and is separated from the bolt group (it does not move when gun is fired). Each MG 42 was issued with an integral, adjustable bipod attached near the muzzle; MG 3 guns may have two points for bipod attachment, one near muzzle and another near the center of the gun. In the medium role, the MG 42 was used from the Lafette 42, a complicated foldable tripod with buffered cradle. A wide number of tripods is available for MG 3 guns,as produced in several countries.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> The standard sights are open, fully adjustable, and mounted on foldingbases. The universal tripod has provisions for mounting telescopic sights for long range and indirect fire missions.</div>
Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-30768000369655050092013-03-10T23:21:00.001-07:002013-03-10T23:21:14.565-07:00STEN submachine guns (Great Britain)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyFfNjurUai4OlNIxYSoFFBBlgxqic2nvDCZvJDMumn4pICY4O32i1OZswrPCazJDnoReBQ1lCcDVwdxMsweVDXKoXIvckRObmpHN5-nGuosRqOqmzeuVByrro38gDML0NvotRhLx92VbH/s1600/sten_mkIII.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="121" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyFfNjurUai4OlNIxYSoFFBBlgxqic2nvDCZvJDMumn4pICY4O32i1OZswrPCazJDnoReBQ1lCcDVwdxMsweVDXKoXIvckRObmpHN5-nGuosRqOqmzeuVByrro38gDML0NvotRhLx92VbH/s400/sten_mkIII.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>STEN Mk.III (STEN Mark 3) submachine gun.</em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHvbvr7eIF_RtlnmO1zrHgjb7H8jmqYE6HnBSOQ19sn2JZIuxLueywwW7PoKSAV4XtIYE_26qObz_8bMQHelrAPTnKZsDCK0CSVO_mmfvYui41rOdLXEL0qst1MfjfQb5QSQn6b1ZLMvQ_/s1600/sten_mkI.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="101" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHvbvr7eIF_RtlnmO1zrHgjb7H8jmqYE6HnBSOQ19sn2JZIuxLueywwW7PoKSAV4XtIYE_26qObz_8bMQHelrAPTnKZsDCK0CSVO_mmfvYui41rOdLXEL0qst1MfjfQb5QSQn6b1ZLMvQ_/s400/sten_mkI.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>STEN Mk.I (STEN Mark 1) submachine gun, with magazine removed.</em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfdvMb0mucLhyphenhyphenP4QO0FINkhavOq7o4FEo-P-aKlAXMl7gLcbTK8mDSYnvEG96QwAosJ1d2fTwdTyzNkmAIqUv_0xY6xVJ9PcwrEubFv_HwITjk01hhoHeRIEvU7Y-zrFqXJ2NASJkzRhFU/s1600/sten_mkII.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfdvMb0mucLhyphenhyphenP4QO0FINkhavOq7o4FEo-P-aKlAXMl7gLcbTK8mDSYnvEG96QwAosJ1d2fTwdTyzNkmAIqUv_0xY6xVJ9PcwrEubFv_HwITjk01hhoHeRIEvU7Y-zrFqXJ2NASJkzRhFU/s400/sten_mkII.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>STEN Mk.II (STEN Mark 2) submachine gun.</em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq0xjPa_9-mAIqOLBgXyhmMskv3xPVZKFFoVHV6VgyFWV_7GWpJKa3OHvSe7JjdaEWGkOqoVmHxBcICXF8ps5CBtSlVgXOyaf2LxD1n1Eesa69CJ2ib7woEOcjPLEUYlYrJuM34uPfcb7F/s1600/sten_mkII_s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgq0xjPa_9-mAIqOLBgXyhmMskv3xPVZKFFoVHV6VgyFWV_7GWpJKa3OHvSe7JjdaEWGkOqoVmHxBcICXF8ps5CBtSlVgXOyaf2LxD1n1Eesa69CJ2ib7woEOcjPLEUYlYrJuM34uPfcb7F/s400/sten_mkII_s.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>STEN Mk.IIS (STEN Mark 2 Silenced) submachine gun.</em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5EXSPY8UDpzIcjCos6f34Ch4B90oMRcL_5v9HAflGmi5PapRsBGz-Mo6QjkLKt8a9zDdEYcaEn25fQe-kzAKP9WO0_1CeNcn_hrmUu0pssjI-y11JkmS6DoBbgBx7QsTECLGl9cums0ve/s1600/sten_mkIV.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="156" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5EXSPY8UDpzIcjCos6f34Ch4B90oMRcL_5v9HAflGmi5PapRsBGz-Mo6QjkLKt8a9zDdEYcaEn25fQe-kzAKP9WO0_1CeNcn_hrmUu0pssjI-y11JkmS6DoBbgBx7QsTECLGl9cums0ve/s400/sten_mkIV.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>STEN Mk.IV (STEN Mark 4) submachine gun.</em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5pr2RZgye9rTMnqYPKeSmvvqNbmJQ0JO1-O2fvuCzTuXsUc9mQvOKy1X6MmD7zPqSZEqGwWnv_djylHBVinN892DrU6dZm1oZ3VFQEC0SIfd63dncnA7J8iArjL51LUjWDjfwE3TMvNP6/s1600/sten_mkV.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5pr2RZgye9rTMnqYPKeSmvvqNbmJQ0JO1-O2fvuCzTuXsUc9mQvOKy1X6MmD7zPqSZEqGwWnv_djylHBVinN892DrU6dZm1oZ3VFQEC0SIfd63dncnA7J8iArjL51LUjWDjfwE3TMvNP6/s400/sten_mkV.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>STEN Mk.V (STEN Mark 5) submachine gun.</em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghZ5KiPhNWFvBItKC74hmGWXfjBBwVzeTJkwwAHO8mIJmmNX30ZtJ11y52uk3IfLYEQRQbbw4FRQh-U0UiRISglhOfl-mxZBW51hr0zBpn5bammyyJMUpOhIbfQ9OKAvr83TEsAMmZLFjC/s1600/sten_mkVI.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="95" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghZ5KiPhNWFvBItKC74hmGWXfjBBwVzeTJkwwAHO8mIJmmNX30ZtJ11y52uk3IfLYEQRQbbw4FRQh-U0UiRISglhOfl-mxZBW51hr0zBpn5bammyyJMUpOhIbfQ9OKAvr83TEsAMmZLFjC/s400/sten_mkVI.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: center;">
<em>STEN Mk.VI (STEN Mark 6 silenced) submachine gun.</em></div>
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</tbody></table>
<em><strong>Characteristics</strong></em><br />
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<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
</td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
<b>STEN Mk.II</b></td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
<b>STEN Mk.IIS</b></td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
<b>STEN Mk.III</b></td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
<b>STEN Mk.V</b></td>
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<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
<b>Caliber</b></td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
9x19mm</td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
9x19mm</td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
9x19mm</td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
9x19mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
<b>Weight, empty</b></td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
3,26 kg</td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
3,48 kg</td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
3,18 kg</td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
3,86 kg</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
<b>Length</b></td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
895 mm</td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
900 mm</td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
762 mm</td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
762 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
<b>Barrel length</b></td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
196 mm</td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
90 mm</td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
196 mm</td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
196 mm</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
<b>Rate of fire</b></td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
550 rounds per minute</td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
450 rounds per minute</td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
550 rounds per minute</td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
600 rounds per minute</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
<b>Magazine capacity</b></td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
32 rounds</td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
32 rounds</td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
32 rounds</td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
32 rounds</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
<b>Effective range</b></td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
150-200 meters</td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
50-100 meters</td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
150-200 meters</td>
<td align="center" style="font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal;" width="20%">
150-200 meters</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The STEN name came out of names of the designers (R. V. <b>S</b>hepard and H. J. <b>T</b>urpin) and from the factory where they worked (<b>En</b>field
arsenal). It was one of the most crude and ugly and simply, but
effective submachine guns of the WW2. Almost 4 millions of STEN guns of
different versions were made between 1941 and 1945. STEN guns were made
not only in Royal Small Arms factory in Enfield; other makers included
famous British gunmaking company of the time BSA Ltd, as well as Royal
Ordnance Arsenal in Fazakerly, England, and Long Branch Arsenal in
Canada.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The first STEN, STEN Mk.I (full official name was <i>9mm STEN Machine Carbine, Mark 1</i>),
was developed in mid-1941. It was blowback operated, automatic weapon
that fired from the open bolt. Trigger unit permitted for sigle shots
and full automatic fire, controlled by the cross-bolt type button,
located in front and above trigger. The tubular receiver and the barrel
shroud were made from rolled steel. The gun was fed from left side
mounted box magazines. The stock was of skeleton type, made from steel.
Sights were fixed, pre-adjusted for 100 yards distance, peep hole rear
and blade front. The Mk.1 featured spoon-like muzzle compensator. Some
guns featured small folding forward grip. Total production of Mark 1 and
slightly modified Mark 1* STEN machine guns was about 100 000.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The STEN Mk.II submachine gun was most widely made gun in entire STEN
series, with about 2 millions of Mark 2 being made during the war. It
was slightly smaller and lighter than Mk.I. Basic design was the same as
Mark 1, with omission of all wooden parts of Mk.I and shorter barrel
jacket, which made the Mk.II lighter than its predecessor. Magazine
housing could be rotated for about 90 degrees down to close feed and
ejection apertures during transportation and off-battle carry (this
feature caused much troubles as the rotary unit was not very durable and
magazine could be misaligned during combat, what led to feed
malfunctions and jams). Another source of problems was magazine spring,
so magazines were routinely loaded with 28-30 rounds instead of "full
capacity" 32 rounds to reduce strain on the magazine spring.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Some Mk.II STEN guns were manufactured with integral silencers for
undercover operations and were marked as Mk.II(S). These guns had
shortened barrels enclosed into integral silencer. The silencer was
rather effective so most audible sound when firing Mk.IIS was the
clattering of the bolt moving back and forth in the receiver.
Contemporary manuals advised that Mk.IIS submachine gun was to be fired
in semi-automatic mode; the ful-automatic fire was reserved for
emergency situations, as it decreased the service life of silencer
significantly.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The STEN Mk.III was modification of Mk.I. The major change was that the
receiver and the barrel shroud were made from single tube (wrapped from
sheet-steel and welded at the top) that extended almost to the muzzle.
Another changes included fixed magazine housing for improved reliability
and small finger guard in the front of the ejection port. Internally,
Mk.III was similar to Mk.I and has same variety of skeleton stocks.
Mk.III first appeared in 1943.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The STEN Mk.IV was made in experimental form only, and did not entered
the production. It was originally intended for airborne troops.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The STEN Mk.V submachine gun was an attempt to made Mk.II a more "good
looking'" gun. Being internally the same as Mk.II, the "STEN Mk.V
machine carbine" featured wooden buttstock and rear pistol grip, new
front sight and bayonet mount. Early Mk.V's also featured wooden front
grips, but these were prone to breakage and thus were removed soon. STEN
Mk.V appeared in 1944 and remained in service until the early 1960s',
and then replaced by <a href="http://world.guns.ru/smg/brit/sterling-l2-l34-r.html" style="text-decoration: none;">Sterling submachine guns</a>.</div>
Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-88811537560017635962013-03-10T01:57:00.000-08:002013-03-10T01:57:04.425-08:00Shpagin PPSh-41 submachine gun (USSR)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoJUHVhkbUsnwesvfQNtq9-W3KeCFAaD3qatG9LReudpFN6adgb7Y8WCy1VbOcuDEUdg5g23rpbxH5nGD2oPHEMYGTx8m2br9f_14FwMdCmjZX0Lcr4yEpXyzspkAmFttDne6YBhrDMO9c/s1600/ppsh41-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="203" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoJUHVhkbUsnwesvfQNtq9-W3KeCFAaD3qatG9LReudpFN6adgb7Y8WCy1VbOcuDEUdg5g23rpbxH5nGD2oPHEMYGTx8m2br9f_14FwMdCmjZX0Lcr4yEpXyzspkAmFttDne6YBhrDMO9c/s320/ppsh41-3.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<em> Shpagin PPSh-41 submachine gun partially disassembled.</em><br /><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVMHD-8ngso4V5o3geSq3lH1eFaZdhYY5Sz2NJ8AHmINFuzER-xXbQEJx9vKKytYT8xIpfe8-Q2YoH2CQHrB1557eEs1r658CB4JRWWFiKLlvsdiTex1VRwWqxwzTjeTcRp9Slped5wN-y/s1600/ppsh41-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="106" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVMHD-8ngso4V5o3geSq3lH1eFaZdhYY5Sz2NJ8AHmINFuzER-xXbQEJx9vKKytYT8xIpfe8-Q2YoH2CQHrB1557eEs1r658CB4JRWWFiKLlvsdiTex1VRwWqxwzTjeTcRp9Slped5wN-y/s400/ppsh41-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em> early production Shpagin PPSh-41 submachine gun, with drum magazine andtangent-type rear sight.</em></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyKkYHRa6fr5C3gicuSJPluEevsNeSkB5D7MxrbajYdOXjJ4pitiNAi2zFqjIsxT7m12SgcNV37LeTrT_2WKDHekSfj5qBdyi7PQtaqPxV5rAF3HHj8ya7jG15_8T8KKsD8arrEOz3AdpT/s1600/ppsh41-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyKkYHRa6fr5C3gicuSJPluEevsNeSkB5D7MxrbajYdOXjJ4pitiNAi2zFqjIsxT7m12SgcNV37LeTrT_2WKDHekSfj5qBdyi7PQtaqPxV5rAF3HHj8ya7jG15_8T8KKsD8arrEOz3AdpT/s400/ppsh41-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em> late production Shpagin PPSh-41 submachine gun, with box magazine and flip-uprear sight.</em></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Characteristics</strong></em></div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Caliber:</b> 7,62x25 mm TT<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Weight:</b> 5,45 kg loaded with full 71 rds drum; 4,3 kg with full 35 rds magazine; 3,63 kg without magazine<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Length:</b> 843 mm<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Barrel length:</b> 269 mm<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Rate of fire:</b> 900 rounds per minute<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Magazine capacity:</b> 71 rounds in drum magazine or 35 rounds in curved box magazine<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Effective range:</b> meters</div>
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The PPSh-41 (Pistolet Pulemjot Shpagina model of 1941 = Shpagin submachine gun) was one of major infantry weapons of the Soviet troops during the World war 2. Total number ofPPSh's manufactured during WW2 estimates to more than 6 millions. The gun became one of the symbols of the Great Patriotic War. Retired from Soviet Army service soon after the WW2, the PPSh was widely exported to some pro-Soviet countries around the world, including China, Vietnam and many African countries.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> It was effective, but somewhat crude weapon, reliable in combat but not without certain flaws. It has somewhat excessive rate of fire, and its drums wereuncomfortable to carry and prone to feed problems once spring is weaken.</div>
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The PPSch-41 was designed as a cheap and simple but effective war-time weapon. It featured simple blowback operated action, and fired from open bolt. To decrease the recoil stress, gun was fitted with bolt buffer at the rear of receiver. The buffer was made from fiber and was attached to the return spring guide rod. The striker was permanently fixed to the bolt face. PPSh-41 was a select-fire weapon, with fire selector switch located inside the trigger guard, ahead of trigger. The safety was integrated into the charging handle and locked the bolt in forward or rearward position. The receiver and the barrel shroud was made from stamped steel. The front part of the barrel shroud extends beyond the muzzle and acted as a muzzle brake / muzzle flip compensator. Early PPSch-41's were issued with drum magazines with capacity of 71 round, similar to ones used in <a href="http://world.guns.ru/smg/rus/ppd-40-e.html" style="color: #3226b6; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">PPD-40</a>.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Such high capacity increased the firepower but the magazines were too slow to refill and not too reliable, so in 1942 a curved box magazine was developed. This magazine held 35 rounds and was much more comfortable to carry in pouches. Early magazines were made from 0,5 mm sheet steel and were somewhat unreliable. Later magazines were made from 1 mm steel and were completely satisfactory. Usually, infantrymen carried one drum in the gun and some box magazines in the pouches or pockets. <br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /> Early guns featured elevation-adjustable rear sights, marked up to 500 meters;late production guns had flip-type "L"-shaped rear sights marked for 100 and 200 meters range.</div>
Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-79505333885024177272013-03-06T05:00:00.000-08:002013-03-06T05:01:28.519-08:00Bren light machine gun (UK)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicL1nrRrds9pxmLKmFqEgWQu-9AdZkSnTXbQuccF4AFq1vA3wPqVIPOrP0JrayoYlJiQaPe9OkqBKU_tzY-6O1GZqEWmpvZBN2GdCFcPDQRhxji6l-dRSvVKxK6ZpMnCNsfL2yU1cWhexC/s1600/bren_mk1-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="177" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicL1nrRrds9pxmLKmFqEgWQu-9AdZkSnTXbQuccF4AFq1vA3wPqVIPOrP0JrayoYlJiQaPe9OkqBKU_tzY-6O1GZqEWmpvZBN2GdCFcPDQRhxji6l-dRSvVKxK6ZpMnCNsfL2yU1cWhexC/s400/bren_mk1-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em> Bren Mk.1 light machine gun,left side.</em></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCvsZiBlqSpf2sMK5lbHzswzwkLfZuDe7y-x0827DcWl9lLZsgPB4Ti97MuKd0jsRGWCq0p7rBWw-py7tJOlBBIgW0J32rEZk5V5xe1KeuPSTqRxKcDmBaNwLpjh9YudTUyLiN8B72X9gE/s1600/bren_mk1-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="175" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCvsZiBlqSpf2sMK5lbHzswzwkLfZuDe7y-x0827DcWl9lLZsgPB4Ti97MuKd0jsRGWCq0p7rBWw-py7tJOlBBIgW0J32rEZk5V5xe1KeuPSTqRxKcDmBaNwLpjh9YudTUyLiN8B72X9gE/s400/bren_mk1-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em> Bren Mk.1 light machine gun,right side.</em></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheH7cdOX9vYGbQtdnC9z4YblNdGiBDoKEPlZJgRE7nLcuNGhdUi6G1BVWqmSGE5jr-UMIEpDF1Aa_IL2eDX06_2s7MLOM34xpLSuJBiyf8aX_HvpabA4GhQNlm8VmmPlHV87yTC1z887hY/s1600/bren_l4a4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="177" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheH7cdOX9vYGbQtdnC9z4YblNdGiBDoKEPlZJgRE7nLcuNGhdUi6G1BVWqmSGE5jr-UMIEpDF1Aa_IL2eDX06_2s7MLOM34xpLSuJBiyf8aX_HvpabA4GhQNlm8VmmPlHV87yTC1z887hY/s400/bren_l4a4.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em> Bren L4A4 light machine gun in 7,62x51 NATO caliber.</em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDrvD_NlJppBAPujHiqUvRpHM-xbQv9mo5PyZHREwU7dvIJLf8YnjwD0aEOUfBqbNMEhPgBGtGDkwfchEB4WVqwdwDMZ7g3_rUsnSQNWEoTGL3JwG0rTkFy7OAbToRRjtIumrFsapr4m8H/s1600/bren_mk3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="141" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDrvD_NlJppBAPujHiqUvRpHM-xbQv9mo5PyZHREwU7dvIJLf8YnjwD0aEOUfBqbNMEhPgBGtGDkwfchEB4WVqwdwDMZ7g3_rUsnSQNWEoTGL3JwG0rTkFy7OAbToRRjtIumrFsapr4m8H/s400/bren_mk3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Bren Mk.3 light machine gun(note the short barrel).</em></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZK72HBycrQ1rCvu9QWf8YeIIrxkPCMHvqK5yR8PwdBzr6siDNrKduVynoEjHVuurUqOQdRFujnrsQP5Q_IQVOqbQtDQjD6YGKMQTR4RYcqSfqNoNs2AfP7VKxtnway-II8NSKKQlnp8KL/s1600/bren_mk2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="163" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZK72HBycrQ1rCvu9QWf8YeIIrxkPCMHvqK5yR8PwdBzr6siDNrKduVynoEjHVuurUqOQdRFujnrsQP5Q_IQVOqbQtDQjD6YGKMQTR4RYcqSfqNoNs2AfP7VKxtnway-II8NSKKQlnp8KL/s400/bren_mk2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em>Bren Mk.2 lightmachine gun.</em></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiflTaBHAMXpX5Ub8KmOfUQaPiGWbqjRfQN4FW-7TEZGFzX7e_H-AIQSsnYI-RmwhR9j05wR0rFIWWEpagAdbi17d71Rur8pWbKq-4rmwCO1ATZRx2Pl7fLzRBErwzBvsXyfEW3l9R4_6F2/s1600/bren_zgb30.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiflTaBHAMXpX5Ub8KmOfUQaPiGWbqjRfQN4FW-7TEZGFzX7e_H-AIQSsnYI-RmwhR9j05wR0rFIWWEpagAdbi17d71Rur8pWbKq-4rmwCO1ATZRx2Pl7fLzRBErwzBvsXyfEW3l9R4_6F2/s400/bren_zgb30.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em> Czechoslovak-made ZGB-30prototype machine gun in .303 caliber.</em></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimendh3iPSXGVCWjgH0_mBOpSHTp7RQuyX9sl-eHUOZQF8U9HAMCf2BIAJDeAdJNdl6FsrBOPcG16G1X3p06C9d3l82TDZ5Eoj_PBy2CzBn34v_22Sbt5Dtrpokxsh7AefN6JmoHj7YY69/s1600/bren_zgb33.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimendh3iPSXGVCWjgH0_mBOpSHTp7RQuyX9sl-eHUOZQF8U9HAMCf2BIAJDeAdJNdl6FsrBOPcG16G1X3p06C9d3l82TDZ5Eoj_PBy2CzBn34v_22Sbt5Dtrpokxsh7AefN6JmoHj7YY69/s400/bren_zgb33.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em> Czechoslovak-madeZGB-33 prototype machine gun in .303 caliber.</em></td></tr>
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<td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.65pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="SV"> </span></td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; font-weight: 700; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: center; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">BREN Mk.1<o:p></o:p></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; font-weight: 700; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: center; width: 95.7pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">BREN Mk.3<o:p></o:p></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; font-weight: 700; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: center; width: 95.7pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">BREN Mk.4<o:p></o:p></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 1pt; font-weight: 700; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: center; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">BREN L4A4<o:p></o:p></span></td>
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<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; font-weight: bold; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.65pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">Caliber<o:p></o:p></span></td>
<td colspan="3" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: center; width: 287.15pt;" valign="top" width="383">
<span lang="EN-US">7,7x57R (.303)<o:p></o:p></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: center; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">7,62x51 NATO<o:p></o:p></span></td>
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<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; font-weight: bold; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.65pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">Weight, kg<o:p></o:p></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: center; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">10,04<o:p></o:p></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: center; width: 95.7pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">8,76<o:p></o:p></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: center; width: 95.7pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">8,69<o:p></o:p></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: center; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">8,68 (with bipod)<o:p></o:p></span></td>
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<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; font-weight: bold; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.65pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">Overall length, mm<o:p></o:p></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: center; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">1156<o:p></o:p></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: center; width: 95.7pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">1082<o:p></o:p></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: center; width: 95.7pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">1090<o:p></o:p></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: center; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">1156<o:p></o:p></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; font-weight: bold; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.65pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">Barrel length, mm<o:p></o:p></span></td>
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<span lang="EN-US">635<o:p></o:p></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: center; width: 95.7pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">565<o:p></o:p></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: center; width: 95.7pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">565<o:p></o:p></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: center; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">635<o:p></o:p></span></td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; font-weight: bold; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.65pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">Cyclic rate of fire, rounds perminute<o:p></o:p></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: center; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">500<o:p></o:p></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: center; width: 95.7pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">480<o:p></o:p></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: center; width: 95.7pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">520<o:p></o:p></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: center; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">520<o:p></o:p></span></td>
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<tr style="height: 5.4pt;">
<td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color windowtext windowtext; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; font-weight: bold; height: 5.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 95.65pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">Feed and capacity<o:p></o:p></span></td>
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<span lang="EN-US">Magazines, box 30 rounds or pan100 rounds<o:p></o:p></span></td>
<td colspan="2" style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; height: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: center; width: 191.4pt;" valign="top" width="255">
<span lang="EN-US">Box magazine, 30 rounds<o:p></o:p></span></td>
<td style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-width: 1pt; border-left-style: none; border-left-width: medium; border-right-style: solid; border-right-width: 1pt; border-top-style: none; border-top-width: medium; height: 5.4pt; padding-bottom: 0cm; padding-left: 5.4pt; padding-right: 5.4pt; padding-top: 0cm; text-align: center; width: 95.75pt;" valign="top" width="128">
<span lang="EN-US">Box magazine, 30 rounds<o:p></o:p></span></td>
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In the year of 1930 British army decided to organize a large comparative trials for a new light machine gun, which included weapons of both domestic and foreign origins. Those included: American Browning Automatic Rifle in .303 caliber, French Darne LMG in same caliber, British Vickers-Berthier LMG, Swiss KE-7 and Danish Madsen LMG. The last entrant, which also was the only one chambered in non-standard caliber (7,92x57 Mauser rather than .303 British) was the Czechoslovak<a href="http://world.guns.ru/machine/chex/zb-26-e.html" style="color: #3226b6; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;"> ZB-26</a> LMG. The <a href="http://world.guns.ru/machine/chex/zb-26-e.html" style="color: #3226b6; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">ZB-26</a> was brought to attention of Small Arms Committee during the last minutes before trials by the British Military Attaché in Czechoslovakia. First round of trials resulted in <a href="http://world.guns.ru/machine/chex/zb-26-e.html" style="color: #3226b6; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">ZB-26</a> coming the first, and Vickers-Berthier second. As the Darne LMG came to late for these trials, it was included into the second stage of trials, which included Vickers-Berthier and an improved Czechoslovak ZGB-30 LMG in .303 British caliber. Final conclusion of the testingcommission was that “ZB gun is of such outstanding design, workmanship and materials as to warrant further serious consideration”. During 1932, the test ZB gun was brought back to Brno for further modifications, which eventually resulted in ZGB 32 light machine gun.According to British requirements, this weapon had a 30-round magazine(earlier prototypes had 20-round magazines) and receiver which could recoil against a special buffer – a feature that significantly decreased felt recoil of the gun. The ZGB 32 was tested, and this resulted in more requirements from the British side, including lower rate of fire and slightly abbreviated barrel. The modified ZGB 33 LMGwere tested in January 1934 with great success, and final trials between ZGB 34 (next improved model) and a heavy-barreled Vickers-Berthier were held in August 1934. The net result of this 50000-round endurance test was the recommendation of ZGB 34 for adoption by British army. The licensing arrangements with Československa Zbrojevka Brno permitted the manufacture of a new gun, designated as BREN (for Brno and Enfield), at Royal Small Arms factory in EnfieldLock. Production preparations were commenced late in 1934, and by early1935 all manufacturing documentation was converted from metric to inch scales. First Bren Mark 1 light machine gun left the Enfield factory in September 1937.<br />
During the WW2 period, Bren guns were also made inCanada by John Inglis Co and in Australia by Lithgow Small Armsfactory. Throught the WW2 Bren machine guns proved to be highly effective, reliable and very accurate weapons. During the war, the Brenguns were gradually simplified and lightened, resulting is a series of Marks, from original Mark 1 and up to Mark 4. At the same time, InglisCo in Canada produced a number of Bren guns in 7,92 Mauser caliber for China.<br />
When the UK has jointed the NATO in 1954, it solved the problem of the light machine gun in new standard caliber (7,62x51 NATO)by simple adaption of the Bren to the new cartridge. This was relatively easy effort, because 7,62NATO round shares same base dimensions with 7,92x57 Mauser round, which was used in Canadian-made Chinese contracy Bren guns. Therefore, early conversions to the NATO standard included "Chinese contract" bolts, new barrels, magazineadaptors and new magazines. These "NATO standard" Bren guns received official index L4 and also went through a number of modifications. BrenL4 light machine guns served until 1980s, and were quite popular among the British troops.</div>
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The BREN is a gas-operated, air cooled,selectively fired machine gun. It has a quick-detachable barrel andfires from an open bolt. Under intense fire (about 4 magazines / 120rounds per minute) the barrel should be replaced every 300rounds. The action of gun is powered by a long-stroke gas piston,located below the barrel. The gas block is mounted on the thin tubular sleeve which goes around the muzzle end of the barrel and forms the conical flash hider at the front. Gas block has a manual gas regulator with four settings. The action is locked by tipping the rear of the bolt (breech block) upwards, and into a locking recess in the receiver. The return spring is located in the butt of the weapon,and is connected to the bolt carrier / gas piston via a long rod;additionally, there is a short spring buffer located below the return spring at the juncture of the receiver and butt, which acts against the whole receiver which is permitted to recoil short distance on the long rails of the trigger housing / butt group. This system significantly decreases felt recoil during fire. The charging handle is located at the right side of receiver and does not reciprocate when the gun is fired. On later marks of the gun it is of folding type.<br />
The ammunition feed is from top-mounted box magazines. These are made from sheet steel and hold 30 rounds in a two-row configuration (although in the field soldiers preferred to load only 27-28 rounds to reduce strain on the magazine spring and thus ensure reliability of the feed under harsh conditions). The Mark 1 BREN guns were also provided with spring-powered flat pan magazines, which held 100 rounds. Such magazines were issued mostly for anti-aircraft applications, and were dropped from latter Marks because of complexity and cost. The magazine housing has a sliding dust cover which is slid forward to load the gun.Spent cartridges are ejected downwards. The ejection port is normally closed with its own dust cover which opens automatically once the trigger is pressed.<br />
The trigger unit permits both single shots and automatic fire, selectable through a safety / fire mode selector lever situated at the left side of the pistol grip. The gun fires from an open bolt and the spring-loaded firing pin is operated by a projection on the bolt carrier, once the bolt is fully in battery and locked.<br />
Because of the overhead magazine, the sight line is offset to the left, and the front sight is mounted on a base which protrudes upward and to the left from the gas block. Standard furniture consists of an integral folding bipod, which is attached to the gas cylinder tube, wooden pistol grip and butt with a spring-buffered buttplate and a folding shoulder rest plate. Mark 1 BREN guns were also equipped with folding grip below the butt. Despite the fact that the BREN, like its predecessor <a href="http://world.guns.ru/machine/chex/zb-26-e.html" style="color: #3226b6; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none;">ZB-26</a> was mainly intended for the light machine gun role, it was also offered with a sustained-fire tripod, and provided with a sufficient supply of full magazines and spare barrels it could serve (to some extent) as a medium machine gun.The same tripod was also adaptable for the AA role. Dual gun mounts were used for anti-aircraft role and on certain land vehicles, used for Commando “hit-and-run” missions during WW2.<br />
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<span style="font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Modifications</span>:<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">ZGB</span>: Czechoslovak-made BREN-type guns, produced for export during early post-WW2 period in .303 caliber<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">BREN Mk.1</span>: original version with radial type sight, and additional grip under the butt (not present on latter marks)<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">BREN Mk.1(M)</span>:Canadian-made version, with simplified non-telescoping bipod legs and simplified butt without shoulder rest and buttplate buffer; also was made in 7,92x57 caliber for China<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">BREN Mk.2</span>: Simplified war-time version with simplified rear sight<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">BREN Mk.3</span>: Lightened version of the Mk.2, with barrel shortened by 70mm (2 ¾ inch)<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">BREN Mk.4</span>: Minor variation of previous mark, with different butt shape<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">BREN L4A1</span>:Bren Mk.3 guns converted to 7,62x51 NATO ammunition using Canadian-made7,92x57 bolts (Chinese contract) and new barrels and magazines; each gun was issued with two barrels<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">BREN L4A2</span>: Same as L4A1 but with lighter bipod<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">BREN L4A3</span>: Bren Mk.2 converted to 7,62x51 NATO the same way as L4A1<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">BREN L4A4</span>: Similar to L4A1 but barrel is chrome-lined; only one barrel was issued per gun (no spare barrels at unit level)<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">BREN L4A5</span>: same as L4A3 but with chrome-lined barrels. Issue was limited to British Navy<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">BREN L4A6</span>: L4A1 re-issued with chrome-lined barrel<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">BREN L4A7</span>: Conversion of Bren Mk.1 to 7,62x51, proposed for Indian army; not produced<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">BREN L4A8</span>: Not produced<br />
<span style="font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">BREN L4A9</span>: L4A4 modified with addition of the sight bracket for AA or Night/IR sighting equipment</div>
Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-24589161515966671762013-03-05T03:29:00.007-08:002013-03-05T03:29:59.048-08:00M1 Garand (USA)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7M7MFtJ2UoeKFIuVMCb7rUSz0iIOfIvKWmo_5V_-vOLYXhEmMObQ9NgNkj_aPqm3gfRVE7_YAbUmt9C6f4kjj7JTA4iMSCwrZ9WTH5q1QcCq6o1NvRQu3eIL6yuhRqIX7YMMAawou7ay7/s1600/1288258550.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="82" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7M7MFtJ2UoeKFIuVMCb7rUSz0iIOfIvKWmo_5V_-vOLYXhEmMObQ9NgNkj_aPqm3gfRVE7_YAbUmt9C6f4kjj7JTA4iMSCwrZ9WTH5q1QcCq6o1NvRQu3eIL6yuhRqIX7YMMAawou7ay7/s400/1288258550.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> M1 Garand rifle - left side view.</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizbi2QlRsA0e9T1bOmPe5FgF6Dr9b_O8CbEAmvEi1NUqn5vP41M7zY54fqf0euNrQSQu8knXL2Ef6lToyUIjKczUG8hAt00UbYcDtru6kPM3AdiFiHR7K_UplHbMOJ9gJZbH-Vt7S64tF6/s1600/1288258567.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="83" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEizbi2QlRsA0e9T1bOmPe5FgF6Dr9b_O8CbEAmvEi1NUqn5vP41M7zY54fqf0euNrQSQu8knXL2Ef6lToyUIjKczUG8hAt00UbYcDtru6kPM3AdiFiHR7K_UplHbMOJ9gJZbH-Vt7S64tF6/s400/1288258567.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">same rifle - right side view.</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNsaQeXieTy6N1x_jsMFxJOBk-Kf32j4HdWW6gIuZYhGzaQoPu2wpganEez7XvM5bwuYeIImOQqAhDMLzmFIuf2-VvimAVAKG-J5PVPOiB0zP8w_fqs-xq4jewqWSdsINRYroprjBVb4nI/s1600/1288258591.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="95" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNsaQeXieTy6N1x_jsMFxJOBk-Kf32j4HdWW6gIuZYhGzaQoPu2wpganEez7XvM5bwuYeIImOQqAhDMLzmFIuf2-VvimAVAKG-J5PVPOiB0zP8w_fqs-xq4jewqWSdsINRYroprjBVb4nI/s400/1288258591.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> M1D Garand sniper rifle.</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaqZ-CxuhwxVtpp6Wfc9CHEuCRR_ARr0qShuF4v-bt-coQX5Pex-46Y6cAsHJkEHwoj1PMduU4D6qEsM_SUD4wvbt27mmn-vCsXidpDQQnqIcMw4U2df8ViO5W_Gj0BzcjO2KQeE4buJ4h/s1600/1288258608.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhaqZ-CxuhwxVtpp6Wfc9CHEuCRR_ARr0qShuF4v-bt-coQX5Pex-46Y6cAsHJkEHwoj1PMduU4D6qEsM_SUD4wvbt27mmn-vCsXidpDQQnqIcMw4U2df8ViO5W_Gj0BzcjO2KQeE4buJ4h/s400/1288258608.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> Close-up view on the receiver, bolt in closed position, charging handle and rear sight of the M1 Garand.</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi07YZNS5144Pe4ZbAgnHZcyHrk0F5l8sx5qzO-e3pWagXFgyv4chEk4JW88aGFmYUyWSaDEP_zoeuKa8ANv9YDG-aq_1NFTlCP0q0OD9ugdGduI38VAf8nkzaX6C8tqgg5iunSIeJwBQ4r/s1600/1288258651.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="311" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi07YZNS5144Pe4ZbAgnHZcyHrk0F5l8sx5qzO-e3pWagXFgyv4chEk4JW88aGFmYUyWSaDEP_zoeuKa8ANv9YDG-aq_1NFTlCP0q0OD9ugdGduI38VAf8nkzaX6C8tqgg5iunSIeJwBQ4r/s320/1288258651.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> .30-06 caliber ammunition in the 8-roun M1 clips.</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA4NoESr74V7cHPytOSvp4PUMCfZJpSzoR6CAjKusuMhyrCszv67PqGl4mYrj6AFmlpdyBBuljzImiF1b8_zF9XqNT9JyLl78A4EtInChVPALNEFTO3bGSKoovJhnEl4XD1Pyot4bjyiD9/s1600/1288258627.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="105" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA4NoESr74V7cHPytOSvp4PUMCfZJpSzoR6CAjKusuMhyrCszv67PqGl4mYrj6AFmlpdyBBuljzImiF1b8_zF9XqNT9JyLl78A4EtInChVPALNEFTO3bGSKoovJhnEl4XD1Pyot4bjyiD9/s400/1288258627.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> M1 Garand stripped action; clearly seen are the magazine housing, operating rod and a part of the return spring behind the operating rod.</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPw6CxWY2ebHgKjDh2ah_7A3lDWPeUpjolFsCxk1g2TdA3OWazhRHiTbMF0EOZg9Hk4JuXcwy5yw5TTP64BfdTmeisVJE7tbO6v9M745wPa1GCaewGb7HJd0qc9RklHBCU2RcEFaNzNnm0/s1600/1288258671.gif" imageanchor="1" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPw6CxWY2ebHgKjDh2ah_7A3lDWPeUpjolFsCxk1g2TdA3OWazhRHiTbMF0EOZg9Hk4JuXcwy5yw5TTP64BfdTmeisVJE7tbO6v9M745wPa1GCaewGb7HJd0qc9RklHBCU2RcEFaNzNnm0/s400/1288258671.gif" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">difference between original (left) and improved (right) Garand gas system (images from J. C. Garand patents).</span></em></td></tr>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Caliber</b>: .30-06 (7.62x63 mm)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Action:</b> Gas operated, rotating bolt<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Overall length</b>: 1103 mm<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Barrel length</b>: 610 mm<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Weight</b>: 4.32 kg<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Feeding</b>: non-detachable, clip-fed only magazine, 8 rounds</div>
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The story of the first semi-automatic rifle ever widely-adopted as a standard military arm began after the start of the First World War, when the inventor John C. Garand (Canadian, then living in USA) began to develop a semi-automatic (or self-loading) rifles. He worked at the government-owned Springfield armory and during the 1920s and early 1930 developed a number of design. Early rifles were built using somewhat rare system of the cartridge primer blowback, but due to some reasons this system was unsuitable for a military rifle, so he switched to the more common gas-operated system. He filed a patent for his semiautomatic, gas operated, clip-fed rifle in 1930, and received an US patent for his design late in 1932. This rifle was built around then-experimental .276 caliber (7mm) cartridge. At the same time, his rifle was tested by the US Military against its main competitor, a .276 caliber Pedersen rifle, and was eventually recommended for adoption by US Army early in the 1932. But a little bit later an US general MacArthur stated that the US Military should stick to the old .30-06 cartridge. Foreseeing that, Garand already had a variation of his design chambered for 30-06. Finally, at the 6th January, 1936, the Garands' rifle was adopted by the US Army as an "rifle, .30 caliber, M1". Early issue rifles, however, showed a quite poor characteristics, jamming way too often for a decent military arm, so a lot of noise was raised that eventually reached the US Congress. In the 1939, the major redesign was ordered, and Garand quickly redesigned a gas port system, which greatly improved the reliability. Almost all M1 rifles of the early issue were quickly rebuilt to adopt a new gas system, so very few "original" M1 Garand rifles survived to present days, and those are extremely expensive collectors items. When the USA entered the World War 2, the mass production of the M1 rifles was set at the Springfield armory and at the Winchester. During the war, both companies developed about 4 millions of M1 rifles, so M1 Garand is a most widely used semi-automatic rifle of the World War 2. During the war, M1 Garand proved itself as a reliable and powerful weapon. There were minor attempts to improve it during the war, but these did not left experimental stages, except for two sniper modifications, M1C and M1D. Both were approved for service in the 1945 and both featured a telescope sight which was off-set to the left due to the top-loading feature of the M1. After the end of the WW2 the production of the M1 in the USA was stopped, and some rifles and also licenses to built it were sold to other countries, such as Italy and Denmark. With the outbreak of the Korean war in 1950 the production of theM1 for US forces was resumed early in 1952. Rifles were manufactured at Springfield armory, and also at Harrington & Richardson Company (H&R) and International Harvester Company. Those companies manufactured M1s until the 1955, and Springfield Armory produced the Garands until 1956. With the official adoption of the new rifle and ammunition in 1957, M14 and 7.62x51mm NATO, respectively, for US service, the M1 rifle became obsolete. It was still used during the later years, however, due to the lack of M14 and M16 rifles, and saw some service during the early period of the Vietnam war. Later, many M1s were transferred to the US National Guard, used as a training weapons by US Army or sold to civilians as a military surplus. Few M1 are still used by all branches of the US Military as a ceremonial weapons. Other than USA, M1s were used by Italy (where these rifles were lately redesigned and rebuilt into 7.62mm BM-59 rifles). Denmark, France and some other countries. There also were attempts to rebarrel the M1 for 7.62mm cartridge in the USA and to adopt a detachable 20-rounds magazines from Browning BAR rifles, but these were less than successful and haven't seen any significant service.</div>
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M1 is a gas operated, magazine fed, semiautomatic rifle. Original M1 were using the gas, that was tapped from muzzle by the special muzzle extension, but this was proven unreliable, and since the 1939, M1 rifles were built with gas system that used a gas port, drilled in the barrel near the muzzle. The tapped gas was directed into the gas cylinder, located under the barrel, where it operated a long-stroke gas piston, integral with the operating rod. Long operating rod housed inside it a return spring, and ended with the extension, that carried a bolt operating groove at the left and a charging handle at the right. The groove was connected with the rotating bolt, located inside the receiver. Bolt had two locking lugs that locked into the receiver walls. When gun was fired, hot powder gases were led to the gas chamber and to the gas piston, that drove back the operating rod. The bolt operating grove, interacting with the stud on the bolt, rotated bolt to unlock it and then retracted it to commence the reloading cycle.</div>
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M1 was fed from the integral box magazine, which was probably the weakest point of the whole design. The magazine was fed using only the 8-rounds clips, which stayed inside the magazine until all 8 rounds were shot. As soon as the magazine (and clip) became empty, bolt was stopped at its rearward position by the bolt catch, and the empty clip was automatically ejected from the magazine with the distinctive sound. The main drawback of the system was that the clips could not be easily reloaded during the action. However, there still was the possibility to refill the clip in the rifle, but this was not the fastest procedure.</div>
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M1 featured a wooden stock with separate handguards and a steel buttplate. The forwardmost part of the muzzle served as a bayonet mounting point. Sights of the M1 consisted of the front sight with dual protecting "wings", dovetailed into the gas block at the muzzle, and the adjustable peephole rear sights, built into the rear part of the receiver. Sniper versions (M1C and M1D) also featured scope mounts on the receiver, offset to the left from the axis of the rifle, so it was possible to load it with clips and also to use its iron sights with scope installed (in the case of the scope damage, for example).</div>
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There were some attempts to make a handier and more compact version of the M1 by shortening the barrel by some 6 inches (152 mm), with standard wooden or skeleton metallic buttstocks, but these attempts never left the experimental stages. Some short barreled "tankers" M1 rifles, appeared in the post-war period, are not the genuine designs, but the "sawed-off" variations of the standard "long" rifles.</div>
Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-49673103268420879872013-02-28T03:52:00.001-08:002013-02-28T03:52:18.657-08:00M1 Carbine (USA)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpuXvum8CApgHa9qTxmqA2aW5WEtfncfjHt4j_aXt6ho2VwJY643xIfg0gmvs8g4SBNcBplCwW16Mj7dJiiIAktCRi0rXSCl4GsGC8BBDBVPSrb7ni9RrH4OazE8hNRDRe7ArsUt0-tNbT/s1600/1288258950.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="96" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpuXvum8CApgHa9qTxmqA2aW5WEtfncfjHt4j_aXt6ho2VwJY643xIfg0gmvs8g4SBNcBplCwW16Mj7dJiiIAktCRi0rXSCl4GsGC8BBDBVPSrb7ni9RrH4OazE8hNRDRe7ArsUt0-tNbT/s400/1288258950.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: white;"> US M1 carbine, left side.</span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvNBTy9PfqllhuqAKfwQIyxKrmK_Kkf4R4_xrreS53OT0vuOvMsDBhlVGitqJg2zjLH8if71QQq2oSvlhQB2a8rIIG3hu_D0uvRmybLO6dZE8kxhHT8KzIhOWvBxg6jOQKFRCnNWthH1hE/s1600/1288258990.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="76" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgvNBTy9PfqllhuqAKfwQIyxKrmK_Kkf4R4_xrreS53OT0vuOvMsDBhlVGitqJg2zjLH8if71QQq2oSvlhQB2a8rIIG3hu_D0uvRmybLO6dZE8kxhHT8KzIhOWvBxg6jOQKFRCnNWthH1hE/s400/1288258990.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: white;"> M1A1 carbine, a "paratrooper" version with side-folding buttstock.</span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCY5Bgd4n39INDn9gxBl6ypr__127cGFBGnC4cPqFoeToPMQfsDOY_1ZPf0-FaME1JEbANyb0RfmuyMf-Wbud_Re8s1mHo75acvcDDuoNmAPNbi2IOqqHr50WymNqPBC1HgyYZ62w3Ao-U/s1600/1288258970.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="107" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCY5Bgd4n39INDn9gxBl6ypr__127cGFBGnC4cPqFoeToPMQfsDOY_1ZPf0-FaME1JEbANyb0RfmuyMf-Wbud_Re8s1mHo75acvcDDuoNmAPNbi2IOqqHr50WymNqPBC1HgyYZ62w3Ao-U/s400/1288258970.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: white;">Same M1 carbine, right side.</span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO8HoSbaBMXg24IyNIaZMrlGt7XZmtSIySSFarNb8t_Ir3RJGc63CjwXbpT3uaUBKHqj9jBwqxq4pTqe1EkFmp1R6GNM1p110_ybV0tbM8ezYsajY3TlXdCh-DOqnD18TSUAFYGz2mhXrN/s1600/1288259011.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="117" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO8HoSbaBMXg24IyNIaZMrlGt7XZmtSIySSFarNb8t_Ir3RJGc63CjwXbpT3uaUBKHqj9jBwqxq4pTqe1EkFmp1R6GNM1p110_ybV0tbM8ezYsajY3TlXdCh-DOqnD18TSUAFYGz2mhXrN/s400/1288259011.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: white;"> M2 carbine, a select-fire modification with enlarged, 30-round magazine.</span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqJEUALbUfz8r-wEVppWbEwGirnfn-Vo7baKiOGHiNgMidQGyNMKmoT5WcZxvNp62gzQVYNj-aHlWU9w4d5sLnns24tSscmLQUdykVB8FTet6ifD27daS4RSWzr26mSzJOrIJF2ahw2hW_/s1600/1288259036.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqJEUALbUfz8r-wEVppWbEwGirnfn-Vo7baKiOGHiNgMidQGyNMKmoT5WcZxvNp62gzQVYNj-aHlWU9w4d5sLnns24tSscmLQUdykVB8FTet6ifD27daS4RSWzr26mSzJOrIJF2ahw2hW_/s400/1288259036.jpg" width="292" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px;"><span style="color: white;"> .30 M1 carbine cartridge (left) shown next to 7.62x39mm Russian (center) and 5.56mm NATO (.223 Rem, right).</span></span></td></tr>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Caliber</b>: .30 US Carbine (7.62x33 mm)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Action:</b> Gas operated, rotating bolt<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Overall length</b>: 904 mm<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Barrel length</b>: 458 mm<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Weight</b>: 2.36 kg without magazine<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Magazine capacity</b>: 15 or 30 rounds</div>
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The M1 carbine is an interesting little weapon. The original request for a compact and lightweight shoulder arm to replace service handguns for second-line (non-fighting) troops was first issued by US Army in 1938. The idea behind this request was that a shoulder arm, such as carbine, firing ammunition of moderate power, will have more effective range and will be much simpler to train the users to fire it accurately, than the standard .45 caliber semi-automatic pistol or revolver. This request was probably the first recognition of the need in the Personal Defense Weapon in the modern sense. Request was shelved for some time and re-issued in 1940. It included the new cartridge of .30 caliber but of power far less than of US general issue .30-06 ammunition. The cartridge, officially named the "cartridge, ball, .30 caliber, M1", was developed by the Winchester company. It was a straight-case, rimless design with round-nose bullet weighting 110 grains (7.1 gram) and muzzle velocity of 1860 fps (~ 570 m/s). Muzzle energy was about 2 times more than of .45ACP pistol cartridge but still almost 3 times less than of .30-06 rifle cartridge. In the modern sense the .30 carbine cartridge can be called an "intermediate" but the lack of the muzzle energy and round nosed bullet limited the effective range to about 200 meters or so. Anyway, it had still much longer range than any pistol round of its time, along with moderate recoil. Many companies submitted their designs for US Army trials but the winner eventually became the Winchester. The design of the Winchester carbine is often contributed to the David "Carbine" Williams, who was the developer of the gas system. But, according to some sources, this carbine was born as a spare-time hunting carbine project of some engineers at Winchesters' workshop, and, when military request appeared, this design was resurrected and adopted for intended use. In any case, Winchester began to deliver its first carbines to the US Government in the July, 1942. Some other manufactures also were selected to produce the M1 carbines, such as Inland Manufacturing Division of the General Motors Corp., Underwood-Elliot-Fisher Co., Saginaw Steering Gear Division of the General Motors Corp., National Postal Meter Co., Quality Hardware & Machine Co., International Business Machines Corp (IBM), Standard Products Co. and Rock-Ola Co. During the period of 1942 - 1945 total of more than 6 millions of carbines were manufactured. Since 1944, the only companies still manufacturing M1 carbines were Winchester and Inland. After the end of the WW2 production continued for some time, and M1 carbine and its variations saw some serious action as a first-line weapon not only during the WW2, but also during Korean and early stages of Vietnam war. M1 carbines also were widely exported by US Government to numerous friendly nations, mostly in South-East Asia. M1 carbines saw limited use in the post-war West Germany and France. It should be also noted that M1 carbines are still manufactured by various small US companies for civilian sales, using both military surpulus and newly made parts. Large numbers of surpulus M1 carbines also were sold at the civilian markets in the post-war period.</div>
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In general, M1 Carbine was a really compact and handy weapon. It was lightweight and short enough to be more suitable for jungle combat, than a full-size battle rifles such as M1 Garand. It also offered relatively high practical rate of fire due to large-capacity, detachable magazines and low recoil. The M2 modification, which had a select-fire capability and a magazines of larger capacity (30 rounds, interchangeable with the older 15-round ones), could be described as an "almost an assault rifle" ("almost" is added due to the lack of effective range). Had Americans a little trouble to soup it up slightly in the terms of power and range, they could have a true assault rifle 20 years before they actually did, and probably with much less headache. But they did not, and M2 was manufactured in relatively small numbers and was mostly used during the Korean war. Another modification was the even more compact "paratrooper" version, M1A1, with side-folding metallic buttstock and a pistol grip. This version also was produced in limited numbers. The last modification was the M3, which originally appeared as an experimental prototype T3. It was no more than a M2 select-fire carbine, fitted with special mounts to accept night-vision sighting devices (IR sights). Intended use was as a short-range, night-time sniper rifle. M3 also was used in Korea and, probably, Vietnam.</div>
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It must be noted that during the war in Korea M1 carbines received some bad fame due to reliability problems in extremely low temperatures and also due to underpowered cartridge, which was sometimes unable to effectively penetrate the thick winter uniforms of North Korean and Chinese soldiers at extended ranges.</div>
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Technically, M1 Carbine is a gas operated, magazine fed, semi-automatic or select-fire (M2) short rifle. It uses the short-piston stroke gas operated action, designed by D. Williams. Gas piston is located under the middle of the barrel and has a travel of about 1/3 inch (8 mm). When gun is fired, the powder gases are bleed from the barrel into the gas chamber and propel the gas piston violently to the rear. The gas piston thus gives a sharp blow to the operating slide, which is located inside the stock and is linked to the rotating bolt, more or less similar to one found in M1 Garand rifle. The bolt has two forward lugs that locks into the receiver walls. The safety on all M1 carbines and variations is located at the front part of the triggerguard. On the earliest carbines the safety was in the form of the cross-bolt push-button but latter it was replaced by the lever-type switch, because in the heat of the combat the safety button was sometimes confused with magazine release button, located next to the safety. The fire mode selector on the M2 and M3 was located at the left side of the receiver. The cocking handle is permanently attached to the operating rod. Sights on the earlier M1 carbines had a flip-up rear diopter (peep-hole) with settings for 150 and 300 feets, and later rear sights were replaced by drift-adjustable diopter. Carbines were issued with sling and sometimes with additional pouch that was mounted on the buttstock and allowed to carry two spare magazines on the gun itself. Early M1 carbines had no provisions to mount a bayonet, however, some older models had bayonet lugs on the barrel.</div>
Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-71346648586819654182013-02-27T03:22:00.000-08:002013-02-27T03:22:09.778-08:00Rifles Springfield M1903 M1903A1 M1903A3 M1903A4 (USA)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIocnoxkrtiyRnw2r5UKvS5erNyITZWbUxyCGfdHM2yt8SKRNNlOc6vJ8mqDCKdoEGED4jgUxsvg5kGdDiLsxxJLeHOvdHuec7vVNKyBk-_NWuuMhyphenhyphendNsL9LvFUbxEiNIWU2AjvWkgEaA-/s1600/1288254096.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="75" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIocnoxkrtiyRnw2r5UKvS5erNyITZWbUxyCGfdHM2yt8SKRNNlOc6vJ8mqDCKdoEGED4jgUxsvg5kGdDiLsxxJLeHOvdHuec7vVNKyBk-_NWuuMhyphenhyphendNsL9LvFUbxEiNIWU2AjvWkgEaA-/s400/1288254096.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">M1903 rifle made by Springfield armory in 1944 - left side (image by Allan Blank).</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlCvlSM6MtALMT95WXOv_CpCf5aTXAVDbPbGaN7SPGHJ0zq0NnZLY45nEqhJzO0YQPYA1VyjNH-daC4dJDgiukWbHFUwNwqjWfeg9KgtNNoMXHiLUG5U02B1hmywzBTZ4dIGe1MujjUcvl/s1600/1288254115.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="81" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlCvlSM6MtALMT95WXOv_CpCf5aTXAVDbPbGaN7SPGHJ0zq0NnZLY45nEqhJzO0YQPYA1VyjNH-daC4dJDgiukWbHFUwNwqjWfeg9KgtNNoMXHiLUG5U02B1hmywzBTZ4dIGe1MujjUcvl/s400/1288254115.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">M1903 rifle made by Springfield armory in 1944 - right side (image by Allan Blank).</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiVTrpQqwGIudw9_n0Ywo5ouLdXczAz7e0ZK1L3ijBKhbvPcxH0McyEwbFLHrCCC8nqfRlOlvG0SpPwm4tOIAm2oTatR_vI7FOkIPIcK_b3e8CVlliAoKU_4KqG7VcctqgDUArRrfgOFCj/s1600/1288254138.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiVTrpQqwGIudw9_n0Ywo5ouLdXczAz7e0ZK1L3ijBKhbvPcxH0McyEwbFLHrCCC8nqfRlOlvG0SpPwm4tOIAm2oTatR_vI7FOkIPIcK_b3e8CVlliAoKU_4KqG7VcctqgDUArRrfgOFCj/s400/1288254138.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">M1903 rifle made by Springfield armory in 1944 - top view on the receiver (image by Allan Blank) clearly seen are the stripper clips guide, magazine cut-off (bolt stop) and safety switch.</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBJbpmLyW1sVXRiGUVkJp-jP3wqBWCkBXlSIupIPb49RxKjvE0p1hswo_GSlRVCCdDcp5vFAHNjOs5yqBMK4Q0Zv4yWFSQfN9XWw5JW6EeANFS7ZDACB3GslxUJzrOp6GJapkGfwNhlp24/s1600/1288254157.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBJbpmLyW1sVXRiGUVkJp-jP3wqBWCkBXlSIupIPb49RxKjvE0p1hswo_GSlRVCCdDcp5vFAHNjOs5yqBMK4Q0Zv4yWFSQfN9XWw5JW6EeANFS7ZDACB3GslxUJzrOp6GJapkGfwNhlp24/s400/1288254157.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="background-color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white;">M1903 Mark 1 rifle, modified for Pedersen device. the cut in the receiver wall is for ejection of the Pedersen spent cases.</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilxutMvsG8DfTOer2yYhnUX_Blwy1vUcxwWXyb0ZmS5UXvEmIaI7mjfZAmn_lpz7YIU51uKz0jLdSulU1DuWRhHG2PAeaoDN5V1Hui81QFLFe0e8UDnTIHDSqqrNbULlU1a5HRNW9dzDdd/s1600/1288254186.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilxutMvsG8DfTOer2yYhnUX_Blwy1vUcxwWXyb0ZmS5UXvEmIaI7mjfZAmn_lpz7YIU51uKz0jLdSulU1DuWRhHG2PAeaoDN5V1Hui81QFLFe0e8UDnTIHDSqqrNbULlU1a5HRNW9dzDdd/s400/1288254186.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> Partial drawing of the M1903 Mark 1 with Pedersen device installed. Note the long magazine protruding from the rifle up and to the right, and enlarged bolt section of the Pedersen device.</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMkG4gFknTNCNEeFuG7SzOwxPkdAaKZTjr07-WBzkdC20bSRLlWRyoEqq3YP8FDugFAeaWQBIYUoHcwMl3CmHNPZaBPSnpGOcJgKZAqwivUOXXCpiAIGOisio2DOx8RhD15b6PmxWTcmCr/s1600/1288254205.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="90" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMkG4gFknTNCNEeFuG7SzOwxPkdAaKZTjr07-WBzkdC20bSRLlWRyoEqq3YP8FDugFAeaWQBIYUoHcwMl3CmHNPZaBPSnpGOcJgKZAqwivUOXXCpiAIGOisio2DOx8RhD15b6PmxWTcmCr/s400/1288254205.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> M1903A3 made by Remington during the World War 2 - left side. note the straight grip stock.<br /></span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHPzM4Rwgi9pXvqfBNOBASQzsMPRus_02dFXet5TVRzgc7JeOctCQpC-Z6X-2qLENxBsnH9HdvUTgsiAcjYao_4HmhmbR1N9jr2hnPN-rG2WsX65qqkmMeugCquiJ87Buaj-nR6gubabXy/s1600/1288254229.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="92" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHPzM4Rwgi9pXvqfBNOBASQzsMPRus_02dFXet5TVRzgc7JeOctCQpC-Z6X-2qLENxBsnH9HdvUTgsiAcjYao_4HmhmbR1N9jr2hnPN-rG2WsX65qqkmMeugCquiJ87Buaj-nR6gubabXy/s400/1288254229.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">M1903A3 made by Remington during the World War 2 - right side.</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkey29BRFtsXvNJZHv_ErSmLOuPYutToUqtNsZixLc_qlovDzuWX1kZw2AjSDG-Ek22zRpehfoY4kQxVtBku8qG_LSi1hk_CRU5hoYYyPNwwM6wD94tHid5iEtL0Y6742OwWbpFhKiq4pO/s1600/1288254248.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="83" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkey29BRFtsXvNJZHv_ErSmLOuPYutToUqtNsZixLc_qlovDzuWX1kZw2AjSDG-Ek22zRpehfoY4kQxVtBku8qG_LSi1hk_CRU5hoYYyPNwwM6wD94tHid5iEtL0Y6742OwWbpFhKiq4pO/s400/1288254248.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="background-color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white;"> Another M1903A3 made by Remington during the World War 2 - right side. Note that this rifle has so called "C-stock" with semi-pistol grip.</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5QxJMhrUgbihZoU9TADfDg6t7D7ei8ta67L1Mw5fByiCTUE7NYrja-jD-JBT1gESLGpdfzvR8fSuvJdHtuqjsSnEL6BH2OOeJ6G9lLc-DU0yOGIS7EeQDtwcf7pTaEwMWPsJf73m64U9T/s1600/1288254272.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="105" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5QxJMhrUgbihZoU9TADfDg6t7D7ei8ta67L1Mw5fByiCTUE7NYrja-jD-JBT1gESLGpdfzvR8fSuvJdHtuqjsSnEL6BH2OOeJ6G9lLc-DU0yOGIS7EeQDtwcf7pTaEwMWPsJf73m64U9T/s400/1288254272.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="background-color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white;"> M1903A4 rifle - sniper version of the M1903A3 with C-stock and iron sights replaced by telescope.</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgxTKgQOZQCf5Ib0nd-KBmDsX1YY7NC6hEFy8PG6zAggiDreWxzNcgLIV7JYDEmz2K3jR-C-VD97jg50MUdX02kTXFJtNr1Djk_xjlbD0s70bD8QeVO0XtwvS8-KsfSA3qsFD1YqPaDtqD/s1600/1288254295.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgxTKgQOZQCf5Ib0nd-KBmDsX1YY7NC6hEFy8PG6zAggiDreWxzNcgLIV7JYDEmz2K3jR-C-VD97jg50MUdX02kTXFJtNr1Djk_xjlbD0s70bD8QeVO0XtwvS8-KsfSA3qsFD1YqPaDtqD/s400/1288254295.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> Difference in rear sights design: left is M1903 tangent sight in raised (long range) position, right is the M1903A3 diopter sight.</em></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiY6QiO7oO2IIspogmHp6LYiI1386uzxROnd1gxLOE5NvRDDDuOmEpbCLN39RTSYm-a8vqiJV6Pv9Dfk0xl2WTCz5uUzJczJd6FxuvqpPi-kAPySrR79fU_OPbljSlSRZ8hyEZ-PcNcjvY/s1600/1288254319.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="313" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiY6QiO7oO2IIspogmHp6LYiI1386uzxROnd1gxLOE5NvRDDDuOmEpbCLN39RTSYm-a8vqiJV6Pv9Dfk0xl2WTCz5uUzJczJd6FxuvqpPi-kAPySrR79fU_OPbljSlSRZ8hyEZ-PcNcjvY/s400/1288254319.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> .30-06 M2 ball ammunition used in M1903 rifles.</span></em></td></tr>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Action:</b> manually operated, rotating bolt<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Caliber: </b>.30 caliber M2</div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Overall length</b>: 1097mm<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Barrel length</b>: 610 mm<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Weight</b>: 3.94 kg<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Magazine capacity</b>: 5 rounds</div>
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The story of the "US Rifle, .30 caliber, M1903", otherwise known as a Springfield M1903, began late in XIX century, when US troops, engaged in the Spanish - American war found their bolt-action, .30 caliber Krags and .45 caliber single-shot Springfield "trap-doors" far inferior to the bolt-action Mausers, used by Mexican troops. It was soon discovered that more powerful and fast-firing rifle is required. The Krag rifles were too weak for ammunition desired by US Army authorities, and lacked some vital features, such as clip-loading, so in 1900 the state-owned Springfield armory was set up to build a new rifle, based on the battle-proven Mauser design. Springfield entered into negotiations with Mauser company and finally acquired the rights for Mauser bolt action for amount of US $200 000. At the same time, new ammunition was designed for the new rifle. It was a powerful, rimless cartridge that fired round-nosed jacketed bullet of 220 grains (14.2 g) at muzzle velocity of approximately 2300 fps (670 m/s) - about 300 fps (100 m/s) faster, than older .30-40 (Krag) cartridge did, resulting in 13% increase in muzzle energy. Both new cartridge and a new rifle were initially adopted in 1903, as a "US Rifle, .30 caliber, M1903", and a "cartridge, ball, .30 caliber, M1903", or .30-'03. Initial design featured a spike bayonet, but it was disliked by the president Theodore Roosevelt personally, so rifle was sent back to factory for redesign. With this design, Americans also adopted an idea of the common "short" rifle, originally invented by British wit their SMLE in 1904. This "short" rifle was equally suitable for both infantry and mounted troops. In the meantime, Germans introduced their "spitzer" bullet design - a relatively light bullet with point-shaped nose and better long-range ballistics, so, following the trend, US designers redesigned their newest .30-'03 cartridge to accept new bullet, weighting 150 grains (9.7 g) with the muzzle velocity of of approx. 2900 fps (880 m/s). This round was adopted as a "cartridge, ball, .30 caliber, Model of 1906", or, simply, a ".30-06". New rifle was re-fitted with sights regraduated for new cartridge, and was issued to US troops, but with the outbreak of the First World war it was soon discovered that US has insufficient numbers of M1903s to arm their expeditionary corps in Europe. US Army quickly adopted a Model 1917 rifle - Enfield pattern 1914 rifle redesigned from .303 British to .30-06, but this is another story. The M1903 rifles were manufactured by the state-owned Springfield armory and a Rock Island armory. Some early made (prior to ca. 1918) M1903 rifles were known by fragile receivers due to improper heat treatment, but the problem was soon cured by the introduction of the new steel treatment process.</div>
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During the interwar period, there was little development in M1903. In 1929, US adopted a modified pattern M1903A1, which was no more than the basic design with different type of stock, with semi-pistol grip instead of the straight, English-style grip. Few M1903A1 were made, however. With the outbreak of the Second World War US army again found itself short of rifles, and while the standard US rifle was already a semi-automatic Garand M1, it was decided that it must be supplemented by simpler and cheaper bolt-action rifle. The Remington Arms company was set up to create a simplified for wartime production variant of the M1903. Adopted in 1942, the M1903A3 rifles featured a number of parts made by stamping instead of machining, receiver-mounted peep-hole sights instead of the leaf-type tangent sights, and, on some rifles, A1 type stocks with semi-pistol grips (so called C-stocks). Some M1903A3 rifles were also fitted with 2 groove barrels instead of the more common 4 groove barrels. M1903A3 rifles were manufactured by the Remington Arms and a Smith-Corona Typewriters. The M1903A4 sniper rifles, manufactured by the Remington Arms co, were no more than factory 'accurized' M1903A3s with open iron sights replaced by telescope optical sights. This was probably the longest living version of the M1903, being used by the US troops until 1960s as a sniper rifles.</div>
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There were also two more offsprings of the M1903 family. First was the M1903 Mark 1 rifle, developed during the Word War One by US engineer and designer Pedersen. This was not less than a conversion of the manually-operated rifle into the magazine-fed, semi-automatic rifle. Standard M1903s were altered to accept a so called Pedersen device, officially know as a "US pistol, semi-automatic, .30 caliber, M1918". This device was inserted into the modified M1903 action instead of the standard bolt, and featured a semi-automatic action with box magazine, that fired a specially-designed .30 caliber (7.62mm) straight-wall cartridges of relatively low power, allowing to every soldier equipped with modified M1903 to fire rapidly from the hip while advancing onto the enemy positions. The device was fed from 40 rounds magazines, and required an ejection port to be cut in the left wall of the receiver. The Pedersen device was later found ineffective and with numerous drawbacks, and in 1920s almost all "M1918 pistols" were scrapped and Mark 1 rifles converted to the standard pattern.</div>
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Second variation was the M1903A2, which was, basically, not a rifle, but a barreled action with mountings, intended to be inserted into and fired from the gun barrels for low-cost, short-range training. Initially intended for 3" (76mm) coast guns, this device was later adopted for numerous other large guns.</div>
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The M1903 rifle is a manually operated, rotating bolt,. magazine fed rifle. The action of the M1903 represents the modified Mauser action, with dual front lugs, that locked into the receiver, and an additional lug at the rear of the bolt, but unlike the Mauser design, on M1903 the rear lug was located horizontally on the bolt when bolt was closed, or in straight up position when bolt was unlocked. This required a split-bridge at the rear part of the receiver. The bolt handle was bent down and located at the rear of the bolt. The Mauser-type non-rotating extractor was used. On the left side of the receiver there was a magazine cut-off in the form of the bolt stop switch. This switch, when engaged, limited the bolt travel so the spent case still could be extracted but the new cartridge cannot be feed from the magazine, thus converting the rifle to the single shots. The safety was also of Mauser type, located at the rear of the bolt. The M1903 was a striker fired design, with cocking on the bolt open, and a firing pin knob protruding behind the bolt, so the action state could be easily checked manually or visually if it is cocked or not.</div>
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The box magazine was integral to the action and held 5 rounds in the staggered order. Magazine could be filled with single rounds or by using the 5-rounds stripper clips, which were inserted into the clip slots, machined into the receiver bridge.</div>
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The iron sights of the M1903 consisted of the blade front sight and a barrel-mounted tangent-type leaf rear sights. On the M1903A3 the rear sights were replaced by the peep-hole (diopter) sights, mounted on the receiver bridge, and M1903A4 sniper rifles had no open sights at all, instead these rifles were equipped with M73B1 2.5X telescopic sights (commercially known as a Weaver model 330).</div>
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The wooden one-piece stock with upper handguard has a distinctive shape. Most of the M1903 and some of the M1903A3 and M1903A4 rifles featured stocks with straight grips, while M1903A1 and some M1903A3 and M1903A4 were equipped with C-stocks with semi-pistol grips.</div>
Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-16063290679337148952013-02-26T21:28:00.003-08:002013-02-26T21:32:15.962-08:00Mosin-Nagant M1891 1891/10 1891/30 M1938 M1944 (Russia / USSR)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS66J67bLWU-HzfuE1o9u_TGzDXtxC-i_kAiDTWHCsfMj2dGv9MkTLM0N-nJoKrfhy7Pmf1EB1DiEGXM4renxB0Mlr5D4J5qWfACk7Sl45TvGJajzWISLaJUmaBfFvfO78nynwVFmGUB7a/s1600/1288253451.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="63" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS66J67bLWU-HzfuE1o9u_TGzDXtxC-i_kAiDTWHCsfMj2dGv9MkTLM0N-nJoKrfhy7Pmf1EB1DiEGXM4renxB0Mlr5D4J5qWfACk7Sl45TvGJajzWISLaJUmaBfFvfO78nynwVFmGUB7a/s400/1288253451.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="background-color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white;"> Mosin-Nagant rifle model of 1891-1910.</span></em></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidvETB1uecpKAO4A5LNXZqu-nn_Z9l-7iOjsoXxHyTAPN7uMOAeq6fJJaeRk68AxB0Pvdlku4WRFSjEGEplxjEHKnNhAlhp6ngMkg9-L0bLAOWQD52Wnj8eq8DbywuK-Y2P1FB7WEHo5K8/s1600/1288253433.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="117" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEidvETB1uecpKAO4A5LNXZqu-nn_Z9l-7iOjsoXxHyTAPN7uMOAeq6fJJaeRk68AxB0Pvdlku4WRFSjEGEplxjEHKnNhAlhp6ngMkg9-L0bLAOWQD52Wnj8eq8DbywuK-Y2P1FB7WEHo5K8/s400/1288253433.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Original Mosin-Nagant rifle of 1891: Infantry rifle top, Dragoon rifle bottom.</span></em></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1wUOMDT8Z2ZsRFj4yHLxSXeOQ-wzQOMUOuCtuYpTE3rt_922CpEEsBKF6l1-AwboDz1s7uuJpvhGZbtAhAdsVp4ufFest6O1B71E_7nx6kJdpb3am1YBEBg3hXi0ZTZdDdc6_9Kl6rt8K/s1600/1288253470.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="70" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1wUOMDT8Z2ZsRFj4yHLxSXeOQ-wzQOMUOuCtuYpTE3rt_922CpEEsBKF6l1-AwboDz1s7uuJpvhGZbtAhAdsVp4ufFest6O1B71E_7nx6kJdpb3am1YBEBg3hXi0ZTZdDdc6_9Kl6rt8K/s400/1288253470.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> Mosin-Nagant rifle model of 1891-1930.</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHGQFESZ9JBBPri9VQ1HzhqP2GixBAYKupFFFUhnJMBofns6hz761_9cFhNX1rtFdscbrNtg7LZgPR5QOfP9TsLcQ5dKMQRxXUdRrq5gDyIcXwVtLTDqnlkSz5JN6iR8Ae4G_P3hacvCft/s1600/1288253491.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="70" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHGQFESZ9JBBPri9VQ1HzhqP2GixBAYKupFFFUhnJMBofns6hz761_9cFhNX1rtFdscbrNtg7LZgPR5QOfP9TsLcQ5dKMQRxXUdRrq5gDyIcXwVtLTDqnlkSz5JN6iR8Ae4G_P3hacvCft/s400/1288253491.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Mosin-Nagant carbine model of 1938.</span></em></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP-SQkAsDaiLpeRXypjN9H01z24opGKeqG0xw5m6msakqpEbLuTj3aIrOrhqGwl54AAuKs41lhvhu3XWnTC7cD5ZvdqdRlaKP_MU8Q25WP1LCjKga1isJhFvkB33H88Tlofk4vdw_0PMax/s1600/1288253515.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjP-SQkAsDaiLpeRXypjN9H01z24opGKeqG0xw5m6msakqpEbLuTj3aIrOrhqGwl54AAuKs41lhvhu3XWnTC7cD5ZvdqdRlaKP_MU8Q25WP1LCjKga1isJhFvkB33H88Tlofk4vdw_0PMax/s400/1288253515.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> Mosin-Nagant carbine model of 1944. Note that the bayonet is in folded position.</span></em></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivTtOPGIuLzTdFJKUW5WkwvuAakbd-BSZ-Xu5o-sPwUWSiJuwEg-qCq8PPJ6wLVUZ1wVVC_TgzmeVR3dSAOh9AkLa8hfFsGe8EM8b2SfAm2V5xJdApigAV0VbYhpsrCMHO2P1P4bcLC_YG/s1600/1288253539.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivTtOPGIuLzTdFJKUW5WkwvuAakbd-BSZ-Xu5o-sPwUWSiJuwEg-qCq8PPJ6wLVUZ1wVVC_TgzmeVR3dSAOh9AkLa8hfFsGe8EM8b2SfAm2V5xJdApigAV0VbYhpsrCMHO2P1P4bcLC_YG/s400/1288253539.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> M 1891-30 Sniper rifle.</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKyKVGJilYXcbFnpSVdSWIQ1A23buShUnacV9fjaQX0H_3dmTa3fQS3teqaXYh1BWVCa_DVBOBVmrWDKV2RwVq1gPHeC4r_tvdWTS2iCIXDVZYjGvZlySMGUL3F_6291MHXxSurwb4W8mD/s1600/1288253580.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKyKVGJilYXcbFnpSVdSWIQ1A23buShUnacV9fjaQX0H_3dmTa3fQS3teqaXYh1BWVCa_DVBOBVmrWDKV2RwVq1gPHeC4r_tvdWTS2iCIXDVZYjGvZlySMGUL3F_6291MHXxSurwb4W8mD/s400/1288253580.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Standard spike bayonet of the Mosin-Nagant rifle.</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDHm684ZO4EUmkTNvhww13acfjxIghLpQiKTyR0LWCMW75JHxqbHlqGKL8vQTm7WehF0Q24iWKIjQNAyP2bSdgUpLbSjzYf5wbSzGiJ4rolLmLjybwLOCs353k8Fil7OGsiVZayPzp0_b5/s1600/1288253558.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDHm684ZO4EUmkTNvhww13acfjxIghLpQiKTyR0LWCMW75JHxqbHlqGKL8vQTm7WehF0Q24iWKIjQNAyP2bSdgUpLbSjzYf5wbSzGiJ4rolLmLjybwLOCs353k8Fil7OGsiVZayPzp0_b5/s400/1288253558.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> View on the receiver area of the M 1891-30.</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDN6tzuhsW7KEr0Q8iIb-Wm4ZFxOy-dCJj8PKXbbHjbcVYuwnN62XKNsnSLJ3h8pp0LbiG5x8iiECOgKGeWsCMbS0GCzowLnfVA_s_ljXjNncnTS7YGvjQbYybn2VbPfFuHlvuotw1-ZMH/s1600/1288253628.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDN6tzuhsW7KEr0Q8iIb-Wm4ZFxOy-dCJj8PKXbbHjbcVYuwnN62XKNsnSLJ3h8pp0LbiG5x8iiECOgKGeWsCMbS0GCzowLnfVA_s_ljXjNncnTS7YGvjQbYybn2VbPfFuHlvuotw1-ZMH/s400/1288253628.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="background-color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white;">7.62x54mm R ammunition. At the left - a loaded stripper clip; at the right, from top to bottom: original 7.62x54mm R cartridge of 1891 and two post-1908 cartridges (middle with steel case, bottom with brass case).</span></em></td></tr>
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<table border="1" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 98%; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><tbody style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="20%"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">M1891 and M91/10 infantry rifle</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="20%"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">M1891 and M91/10 Dragoon rifle</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="20%"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">M1891/30</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="20%"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">M1891/38</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="20%"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">M1891/44</span></td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Caliber</span></b></td><td colspan="5" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">7.62x54mm R</span></td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Action</span></b></td><td colspan="5" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">manual operated, rotating bolt</span></td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Overall length</span></b></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">1306 mm</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">1738 mm with bayonet</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">1234 mm</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">1666 mm with bayonet</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">1234 mm</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">1666 mm with bayonet</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">1020 mm</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">1020 mm</span></td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Barrel length</span></b></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">800 mm</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">730 mm</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">730 mm</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">510 mm</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">510 mm</span></td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Weight</span></b></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">4.22 kg</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">4.6 kg with bayonet</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">3.9 kg</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">4.28 kg with bayonet</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">3.8 kg</span><br />
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">4.18 kg with bayonet</span></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">3.45 kg</span></td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">~3.9 kg with non-detachable bayonet</span></td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Magazine capacity</span></b></td><td colspan="5" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">5 rounds in integral magazine</span></td></tr>
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The Mosin-Nagant rifle, known in the Russia as a "Vintovka Mosina" (Mosin Rifle), was developed under the government commission in the late 1880s and early 1890s, and was officially adopted for service by the Russian Tsar in 1891 as a "Trechlineynaja vintovka obraztsa 1891 goda" (three-line rifle, system 1891; three line means caliber of three lines; one line is an 0.1 inch, so it's an .30 inch, or 7.62mm). Along with the rifle, a new, small-caliber cartridge was adopted. This cartridge had a rimmed, bottlenecked case and a jacketed, blunt nose bullet. The rimmed case design, which at that time already started to became obsolescent, was inspired by the low level of the Russian arms industry, and also as intention to keep the price of the rifle as low as possible, since the rimmed case, which headspaces on rim, allows for much looser chamber dimensions, unlike the rimless ones, which required headspacing on the case shoulders, so chambers must be machined much more precisely (that means - on better machinery and for much money). This decision, while probably worked as a savings measure, caused a major PITA for Russian small arms designer, since for different purposes this obsolete, rimmed cartridge is kept in general service with Russian army for more than 110 years!</div>
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The history of the development of M1891 rifle is somewhat shady and controversial. During the official trials, two designs were selected for final - one by Russian army captain Mosin, and another, by the Belgian designer Nagant. Final design, adopted by the Commission, utilized features from both, and Leon Nagant was paid for his part for some very serious amount of money. Mosin received a rank promotion and worked on the Sestroretsk arsenal, trying to set this rifle for production. The exact amount of influence of each designer is still unclear for me, so at this moment I'll leave this for further research.</div>
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Since the Russian arms industry was not ready to produce this rifle at the moment of adoption, the first batches of the M1891 rifle were purchased from Chatelleraut Arms factory of France, and a full-scale local production began only in 1894 - 1895 at two major Russian state arms factories, at Izhevsk and Tula. Foreign contractors were used once again to manufacture this rifle in 1916 and 1917, during the First World War, when Russia was in desperate need fort more rifles. Contracts were signed with two major American companies, Remington and Westinghouse, which manufactured large numbers of the improved pattern M1891/10 rifle. During the local clashes and revolutions in 1917 most of these rifles were not delivered to the Russian government and later were used in USA for training and sold for civilians. Russian production of this rifle continued until the 1948 or so, when the machinery was sold to Poland. The Mosin rifle in different variations was a standard military arm of the Russian and Red army for some 60 years, and also was adopted and used by China, Finland, Hungary, Poland, North Korea and some other countries. It is still popular in Russia as a civilian, hunting rifle, due to relatively low prices and a readily available ammunition.</div>
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The M1891 rifle was originally issued in three versions: Infantry rifle, Dragoon rifle and a Cossack rifle. Two latter were intended, obviously, for issue to cavalry units. The Infantry rifle was a standard, long rifle issued with bayonet. Dragoon rifle was slightly shorter and with different sling mountings, and also was issued with bayonet. Cossack rifle was similar to Dragoon one, but issued without the bayonet. Original pattern rifles are easily distinguishable by the lack of the upper handguard. Circa 1894 the pattern was slightly changed by addition of the upper wooden handguards, and rifles remained unchanged until the 1908, when new type cartridge was adopted. This cartridge featured the pointed jacketed bullet with better ballistics, so new type rear sights were adopted. Other minor changes introduced in this pattern were: different handguard bands, sling swivels were replaced by cut-through holes with steel surroundings. This rifle was standardized as in 1910 as a Model 1891/1910 and was used by the Russian army (in all three flavors) through the First World war and later through the Russian Civil war. Since 1923 Red Army decided to abandon all but the Dragoon rifles of 1891/1910 pattern, so production of the Infantry and Cossack rifles was ceased. In the 1930 Red Army adopted next pattern of the Mosin rifle, obviously called the M1891/30. The M1891/30 rifle was an upgrade, but only slight. New sights were installed, that were graduated in meters instead of older 'arshins' (arshin - old Russian measure of length, circa 71 cm). New bayonet mount, more rigid, was adopted. New handguard bands used. Improved cleaning rod fixture was applied to the stock. In all other respects this rifle was similar to older patterns. In 1938, Red Army finally adopted a carbine version, called M1938, which was shorter, lighter and much more handier than a basic rifle. M1938 carbine was issued without a bayonet. During the Second World War, a new pattern of carbine, called M1944, was adopted as a main service rifle, that replaced both M1938 carbines and M1891/30 rifles in production. M1944 carbine was similar to M1938 except that it featured non-detachable, side folding, spike bayonet with "+"-like cross-section.</div>
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The Mosin-Nagant rifle was relatively modern when it was first introduced, but continuous trend for "economy solutions" and minimal possible upgrades lead to the outdated and not too comfortable weapon by the standards of the first half of the XX century. The positive aspects of the Mosin rifles were the reliability and simplicity of both manufacture and service - a paramount for generally poorly trained, low-educated and poorly funded Russian army. This rifle also offered a decent ballistics and an acceptable accuracy, it was even used as a sniper weapon with the addition of the telescope sight and some minor modifications. But, on the other side, this rifle had some serious drawbacks. First of all, in all patterns prior to M1938 and except for Cossack rifles, all rifles were intended to be carried and shoot only with the bayonet attached. This caused the already long rifle to be almost as long as an average mans' height, awkward to maneuver and carry, especially in the woods and trenches. All rifles were zeroed in with the bayonet in place, so removal of the bayonet seriously affected the point of impact and effectively required the rifle to be re-zeroed. Original pattern bayonet mounts were prone to loose during the time, decreasing the accuracy. The horizontal bolt handle was short by necessity, so, in the case of the cartridge case stuck in the chamber this required a lot of strength to extract it. Horizontal bolt handle also was uncomfortable to carry and slower to reload, than bent down handle, which appeared only on the sniper versions. Safety switch, while very simple in construction, was uncomfortable to operate and required the rifle to be removed from the shoulder to apply or disengage the safety. Overall, this was somewhat typical example of the Russian mass produced weapon - cheap, simple, reliable and adequate for intended mission - but that's all.</div>
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The Mosin-Nagant rifle is a bolt operated, magazine fed rifle. It used an integral, single stack magazine, loaded from the clip chargers, with capacity for 5 rounds. Magazine protruded below the stock just ahead of the triggerguard, and had a hinged floorplate, used to unload magazine at once and to clean it. Due to the single stack design and a lack of the feed lips, a special device - second-round cutoff, was built into the magazine, to avoid double feeds. On early pattern rifles this device also worked as an ejector, but since the M1891/30 model, a separate ejector was introduced. Rotating bolt featured the dual frontal locking lugs that were located horizontally when bolt was locked. Rifle is striker-fired, striker was cocked on the bolt open action. Safety was incorporated into the bolt and locked the striker. It was applied by pulling out and rotating a knurled cap at the rear of the bolt. To disengage the safety, reverse operation was required. The bolt could be removed from the receiver without any tools, simply by pulling bolt to the open, then depressing the trigger and removing the bolt. It could be further disassembled without any other tools and contained very few parts. Original spike shaped bayonets featured a rectangular cross-section and a point shaped as a flat screwdriver, so it could be used to as a disassembly tool when removed from the gun. Bayonet was always carried in the battle-ready position. Some late pattern bayonet mountings featured a front sight protection hoods. All bayonets were attached directly to the barrel. Stocks were usually made from birch, except for American-made M1891/10 rifles, that featured an walnut stocks and were thus slightly heavier.</div>
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Sniper rifles, based on the M1891/30 rifles, hand-picked for accuracy, were issued with scope mounts on the left side of the receiver and with bolt handles bent down.</div>
Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-89123814749288500422013-02-25T21:27:00.001-08:002013-02-25T21:29:59.293-08:00Rifle Short, Magazine, Lee-Enfield - SMLE (Great Britain)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8tik2lo5egsCWy37dkyV8NH98eCj7jsFwkmmioMT6cRMDrlcTXxNBFrvwr08ygExtYLD9XXneb1o2ilLDEVKaODq2fcZ9XNQngqiEgkSSL7Rr4RLRK0M59NnEZGxp1tbhsRwZTgQ8OH8Z/s1600/1288250918.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8tik2lo5egsCWy37dkyV8NH98eCj7jsFwkmmioMT6cRMDrlcTXxNBFrvwr08ygExtYLD9XXneb1o2ilLDEVKaODq2fcZ9XNQngqiEgkSSL7Rr4RLRK0M59NnEZGxp1tbhsRwZTgQ8OH8Z/s400/1288250918.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> Lee-Enfield Mk.1 rifle - the original "Long" Lee-Enfield, made in 1900. Note the dust cover on the bolt, magazine cut-off and lack of the rear receiver bridge with its charger clip guides.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">image by </span><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Kristopher Gasior of the www.CollectibleFirearms.com</span></span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmMtKXBNSUnhPLnpRenNsCLjBICf2ibWJ2JfZDpKx6vuIwpH-Eeq526m7gQbsgLLSpn3JGk3wSsY65RsRHXmJqdv_Pag3tlhtHwSiFCrMGe9T180GwTG74dTri5Std_Wjv8H_CkLTQ_8Em/s1600/1288250941.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="75" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmMtKXBNSUnhPLnpRenNsCLjBICf2ibWJ2JfZDpKx6vuIwpH-Eeq526m7gQbsgLLSpn3JGk3wSsY65RsRHXmJqdv_Pag3tlhtHwSiFCrMGe9T180GwTG74dTri5Std_Wjv8H_CkLTQ_8Em/s400/1288250941.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="background-color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white;">SMLE mk. III*, made in 1916 (cutoff already omitted from design).<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">image by Alan Blank</span></span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo5Sj1xMHiGllfH19_gTI4yNSrxlFVUBT0O_xlytwTd-lTxLnQBbcXE7-0D_Hyrx43z7CPB4fdYZfPQ7NUq7_BtFbtRk24R-_AeiF-HqzCzIKtz-19zjT6PLsPnNwimbWGGb3YMkQjMrQP/s1600/1288250959.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="77" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgo5Sj1xMHiGllfH19_gTI4yNSrxlFVUBT0O_xlytwTd-lTxLnQBbcXE7-0D_Hyrx43z7CPB4fdYZfPQ7NUq7_BtFbtRk24R-_AeiF-HqzCzIKtz-19zjT6PLsPnNwimbWGGb3YMkQjMrQP/s400/1288250959.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="background-color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white;"> Same rifle, other side (volley sights also omitted).<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">image by Alan Blank</span></span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitCyEdOl1DDQx4pU4F_OR_7D4mx2rehcv2rnm0DH8HHP9jY5f2o4X0_1QTcWZo7vbifwyu7tH1uXXt3euAIGKT79al7FLulcNn3vtoavbktJ3TRbeRS0zr3pUEOmRsnlyVe7869H88r_gV/s1600/1288250998.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="76" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitCyEdOl1DDQx4pU4F_OR_7D4mx2rehcv2rnm0DH8HHP9jY5f2o4X0_1QTcWZo7vbifwyu7tH1uXXt3euAIGKT79al7FLulcNn3vtoavbktJ3TRbeRS0zr3pUEOmRsnlyVe7869H88r_gV/s400/1288250998.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> SMLE No.4 Mk.1.</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd5X1djetnMNdR2BQCzN_bLilHtvWvfHJ_bbVQN02DxDhueftust-RrR3RB4dFoQgoIhE0Qk0faioW6hQLMXYwMpsVSJ6g-n8sENKWjiZSN7I5p2At9eBJESVg4MB_McrWSF4Mnu0e_JDF/s1600/1288250978.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="73" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd5X1djetnMNdR2BQCzN_bLilHtvWvfHJ_bbVQN02DxDhueftust-RrR3RB4dFoQgoIhE0Qk0faioW6hQLMXYwMpsVSJ6g-n8sENKWjiZSN7I5p2At9eBJESVg4MB_McrWSF4Mnu0e_JDF/s400/1288250978.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="background-color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white;"> SMLE mk. III* (latter known as SMLE No.1 Mk.3); this one was made in 1919.</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh65ymI6KoV0_Q0jq0MPahjdP4AP1R5PzDzgSwuuqGViUyltqYylbKxa2RBmyI4TFr95nfAYzYkHGpbyCFw4eFKN4He-PqGVdSOyxmCTNUAnOgJnKdsQkA6Hnyp35Uwv_j4dm4cBsnGkWaV/s1600/1288251019.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="96" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh65ymI6KoV0_Q0jq0MPahjdP4AP1R5PzDzgSwuuqGViUyltqYylbKxa2RBmyI4TFr95nfAYzYkHGpbyCFw4eFKN4He-PqGVdSOyxmCTNUAnOgJnKdsQkA6Hnyp35Uwv_j4dm4cBsnGkWaV/s400/1288251019.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">SMLE No.4 Mk.1(T) - sniper version with scope, mount and cheek rest on buttstock (shown with magazine removed).</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJlmMC9PQpNnD-34fG5DNAEbudVluWs6CPQjG7B-TynUZ3WSGpGr9QQH7_8sixCXwcY1ZSFqIFgat3VX7wouYgRX-LvKepPyaQv_egDGDYQ5bSsEerjrk8_B4N4Ig9ghmDJw_JS5J8vf83/s1600/1288251045.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="71" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJlmMC9PQpNnD-34fG5DNAEbudVluWs6CPQjG7B-TynUZ3WSGpGr9QQH7_8sixCXwcY1ZSFqIFgat3VX7wouYgRX-LvKepPyaQv_egDGDYQ5bSsEerjrk8_B4N4Ig9ghmDJw_JS5J8vf83/s400/1288251045.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">SMLE No.5 Jungle Carbine.</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEvrm58KfuMB4UzYdNxCqktYrcvEMckdR39TtfnCJ_tfrRhgiS_yr8g7W26IM3DGoZNeWGxY-FTf7uC5wLjLcoDyLlCHjNLJzzYA30uNKtwcAbEY2d2M1DTllEhdLMjBbK3oHdpXa9-POd/s1600/1288251138.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEvrm58KfuMB4UzYdNxCqktYrcvEMckdR39TtfnCJ_tfrRhgiS_yr8g7W26IM3DGoZNeWGxY-FTf7uC5wLjLcoDyLlCHjNLJzzYA30uNKtwcAbEY2d2M1DTllEhdLMjBbK3oHdpXa9-POd/s400/1288251138.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="background-color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white;"> Pre-1916 Lee-Enfield volley sight (at left the "volley" front sight, mounted on the left side of the stock, just ahead of the traditional rear sight. At right - the diopter rear "volley" sight, mounted alongside the safety on the receiver) left image by Alan Blank.</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzeUK9PRR0bKafikENpoHMLmxWPuOQ0LND3ciedbYHjvMrVbhxVLIm0pJSGWfVXCf5n5_r6bB4zgyMEA7rYg6_OTo8OaFewoGP_FSiKLNqL8AR532l0AyPVPFduLWMw4dpN7024poN80_G/s1600/1288251267.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="155" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzeUK9PRR0bKafikENpoHMLmxWPuOQ0LND3ciedbYHjvMrVbhxVLIm0pJSGWfVXCf5n5_r6bB4zgyMEA7rYg6_OTo8OaFewoGP_FSiKLNqL8AR532l0AyPVPFduLWMw4dpN7024poN80_G/s400/1288251267.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;"> Magazine cut-off on the early SMLE rifle. "Volley" rear sight in folded-down position.</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvX4nEzbLzX3bFgIrlzM8QS0vg6MsVgarJIcpbhkqHHIfoWkoS7W-sMF4usJZJ_uIAmNaItuz4AC7gmC2IWoZvY2YSB9x92nc4j9u7jX5YaB2LnPmIUKyOrBEm-6mpx6eoPAv2xMtHC5Mq/s1600/1288251288.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvX4nEzbLzX3bFgIrlzM8QS0vg6MsVgarJIcpbhkqHHIfoWkoS7W-sMF4usJZJ_uIAmNaItuz4AC7gmC2IWoZvY2YSB9x92nc4j9u7jX5YaB2LnPmIUKyOrBEm-6mpx6eoPAv2xMtHC5Mq/s400/1288251288.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="background-color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white;">.303 British cartridge with Mk.VII bullet in charger clip and alone.</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCoUzVSIcSTYJkcIZcDe_-Fo3bz4zlWM7OcnmZJIhkkxiw4YQiePHkO44k0sIhgnCKEhFAftnLFJEIl2aUW8RZcpS1uIrEfBjTCVa1NKka4ZVfK1ZDtgy8JhI3S2SKjXk9gUgD_cYOBf3W/s1600/1288251157.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCoUzVSIcSTYJkcIZcDe_-Fo3bz4zlWM7OcnmZJIhkkxiw4YQiePHkO44k0sIhgnCKEhFAftnLFJEIl2aUW8RZcpS1uIrEfBjTCVa1NKka4ZVfK1ZDtgy8JhI3S2SKjXk9gUgD_cYOBf3W/s400/1288251157.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="background-color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white;">Safety switch on the SMLE Mk.III* (note the absence of the "volley" rear sight) image by Alan Blank.</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="25%"></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Lee-Enfield Mk .1</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">SMLE Mk. III (No.1 Mk.3)</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">SMLE No.4 Mk.1</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">SMLE No.5 Jungle carbine</span></td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="25%"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Caliber</span></b></td><td colspan="4" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">.303 British (7.7x56mm R)</span></td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="25%"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Action</span></b></td><td colspan="4" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">manually operated, rotating bolt</span></td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="25%"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Overall length</span></b></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">1260 mm</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">1132 mm</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">1129 mm</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">1003 mm</span></td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="25%"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Barrel length</span></b></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">767 mm</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">640 mm</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">640 mm</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">478 mm</span></td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="25%"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Weight</span></b></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">4.19 kg</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">3.96 kg</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">4.11 kg</span></td><td align="center" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">3.24 kg</span></td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="25%"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Magazine capacity</span></b></td><td colspan="4" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">10 rounds in detachable box magazine</span></td></tr>
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The Lee-Enfield series of rifles was born in 1895 as a marriage between the magazine and bolt action, designed by the J. P. Lee, and the new pattern of barrel rifling, designed at the Royal Small Arms Factory (RSAF) at Enfield. Originally known as Lee-Metford, this design was adopted by British army in 1888 and used a Metford pattern rifling with shallow groves, intended to be used with ammunition loaded with black powder. Introduction of the smokeless powders in the form of the Cordite showed that the Metford rifling was very short-living, so it was soon replaced with Enfield rifling, with 5 traditional land and grooves and left hand pitch. Early Lee-Enfield rifles, officially known as a ".303 caliber, Rifle, Magazine, Lee-Enfield", were carried by the British army through the Boer war (South Africa) of 1899-1902, and Boers, armed with their Mausers, taught to the Brits some hard lessons. And, unlike some other Empires, Brits were quick lo learn. In 1903, they introduced a new design, which improved over the older Lee-Metfords and Lee-Enfields in some important respects. The main improvements was the introduction of the "universal" rifle idea. The common thinking of the period was to issue the long rifle for infantry and the carbine for cavalry, artillery and other such troops. The Brits decided to replace this variety of sizes with one, "intermediate" size, that will fit all niches. This "one size fits all" rifle was called ".303 caliber, Rifle, Short, Magazine, Lee-Enfield, Mark 1", or, in short SMLE Mk.I, where "short" referred to the length of the rifle. This rifle passed some improvements during the following pre-WW1 years, finalizing in the 1907 as a SMLE Mk.III. Development and introduction into service of this rifle was accompanied with constant complaints of some "theorists", which stated that this rifle would be no good neither for infantry, nor for cavalry, so RSAF was set do design another rifle, patterned after the German Mauser, which also should be more suitable for mass production, than the SMLE. This rifle finally appeared in 1914 as an ".303 caliber Enfield Pattern 1914 rifle", or simply a P-14. With the outbreak of the Great war British troops were still armed with the "poor" SMLE Mk.III rifles, which soon turned far from any "poor", giving some hard time to the Germans. In fact, the SMLE Mk.III was a really good rifle, quite accurate, reliable and suitable for rapid and accurate firing. British soldiers were rigorously trained for both individual and volley fire marksmanship, and were routinely capable of firing 30 aimed shots per minute, which was quite a rate of fire for any non-automatic rifle. There were times when advancing Germans were impressed that they were under the machine gun fire, when Tommie used their salvo-firing techniques. During the war time the basic Mk.III design was slightly simplified to better suit the mass production needs, with omission of "volley" sights and magazine cutoffs, and with some production shortcuts. When the World War One was over, there were no questions of quality of basic SMLE design, but some improvements were suggested and introduced in later patterns, such as peep-hole, receiver mounted sights. These "interwar" patterns were not issued in any significant quantities until the 1941. In 1926, Britains, quite confused with numerous 'Marks' and 'Marks with stars' of their weaponry, decided to adopt a new numbering system, so the SMLE Mark III became the "Rifle, No. 1 Mark 3". The "Rifle No.2" was a training version of the SMLE No.1 but chambered to .22LR ammunition. The "No.3" was assigned to the P-14 rifle, which was used in limited numbers. And the "Rifle No.4 Mark 1", widely known as a SMLE No.4 Mk.1, appeared in 1941. This was an improved and strengthened SMLE design, with heavier and stronger receiver, which also was faster and easier to machine, and with heavier barrel. The stock shape was shortened at the front part, giving away with the characteristic Mark III snub-nosed appearance. The barrel-mounted open rear sights were replaced with the receiver-mounted peep-hole sights, which were micrometer-adjustable. The latter feature was substituted by the simplified flip-up rear sights for wartime production, and this version became the No.4 Mk.1* rifle. By the end of the World War 2, when British and Commonwealth troops (also armed with SMLEs) started to fight in jungles of the South-East Asia, it was soon discovered that a "short" SMLE was still not short enough for the jungle combat, so a carbine version was adopted late in the 1944 in the form of the No.5 "jungle carbine". This gun was somewhat lighter and handier than No.4, but suffered from the "wandering zero" problems, which meant that the point of impact wandered during the time. The muzzle flash and recoil were also too strong, despite the flash-hider and rubber buttpad. The last, and by some opinions the finest "general issue" version of the SMLE was the No.4 Mk.2 rifle, which appeared in 1949. It was made by higher peacetime standards of fit and finish, than a wartime No.1 Mk.3s and No.4 Mk.1s, and served with British army until the mid-1950s, when the self-loading L1 SLR (semi-auto copy of the Belgian FN FAL) rifle in 7.62mm NATO was introduced into general service. But some SMLEs were left in military service, as a training, target and, especially, sniper rifles, known as Enfield L39 and L41, rechambered to the new standard 7.62mm NATO ammunition, and served well until the late 1980s, when there were replaced by the L96 sniper rifles. It should be noted, that SMLE rifles were produced and used not only in the UK. Australian, Canadian and Indian factories turned out more than million of the No.1 rifles with various improvements, which were used during both World wars and thereafter. During the WW2, Britain also acquired quantities of SMLE No.4 (marked No.4 Mk.1*) made under contract at the Savage Arms company in USA. In the 1950s, Indian Isaphore arsenal turned out some SMLEs rechambered to the 7.62mm NATO (.308 win) ammunition. These are distinguishable from .303 caliber rifles by the more squared outline of the magazine. Total numbers of all 'Marks' and 'Numbers' of the SMLE made during the 60 years in various countries is not less than 5 000 000 (yes, five millions) rifles.</div>
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The SMLE is a manually operated, rotating bolt action magazine fed rifle. The Lee-designed SMLE magazine is a first easily distinguishable feature. It holds 10 rounds of ammunition in staggered column form, and while the magazine itself is detachable, it is not intended to be reloaded when detached from rifle. Early Lee-Enfields (Long Lee-Enfields and SMLEs prior to Mark III) were loaded only by single rounds via the top receiver opening. Latter, the clip (charger) loading was introduced, and a rear receiver bridge with charger clip guides was added to the design. Some of the earlier marks were then retrofitted with charger loading ability during the 1907 - 1910. To load the magazine, one must use two standard 5-rounds clips. Loading by loose rounds was still available, but some care must be taken when loading cartridges into clips or in the magazine, due to the rimmed ammunition cases. Prior to the 1916, all SMLEs (and earlier Long Lee-Enfields) were issued with so called "magazine cut-off" - a simple device, located at the right side of the receiver and intended to cut off the cartridge supply from magazine to the action when engaged, so rifle could be used as a single-loader, and ammunition in the magazine could be saved for the hottest moments of combat. This was an outdated idea even when it was first introduced, so it was easily discarded when the need to speed up production arose. The magazine itself should be detached only for cleaning, maintenance and repair, and every rifle was issued with only one magazine. The magazine catch is located inside the triggerguard.</div>
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The bolt action, another invention of the James Paris Lee (along with magazine), is the other most famous feature of the SMLE. The rotating bolt has two lugs that lock into the receiver walls at the rear part of the bolt, thus saving some part of the bolt length and bolt pull, when comparing to the forward lugs locking. This shorter bolt pull, along with charging handle, located at the rear part of the bolt and bent down, lent itself to quick reloading. Add a relatively high capacity magazine with fast clip reloading and here you have one of the fastest practical rates of fire along with contemporary designs. The SMLE was a striker fired gun, with cocking on the bolt close action and a dual-stage trigger. The bolt head with the extractor was a separate, non-rotating unit, screwed into the bolt body. The safety was located at the rear left side of the receiver and was easily operated by the firing hands' thumb finger. One notable feature of the Lee bolt action was that the bolts were not interchangeable between different rifles of the same mark Each bolt must have been fitted to its respective action, thus making the production and in-field bolt replacement more complicated. The insufficient headspace problem on the pre-No.4 SMLEs was solved my manual sandpapering the respective bolt-head, and since the No.4 rifle, there were 4 standard sizes of the bolt heads, from which armourer could select one, most suitable for the particular action.</div>
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The sights of the Mark III / No.1 Mk.3 SMLEs were a combination of the barleycorn front (an inverted V-shape) and V-notch adjustable rear sights, mounted on the barrel. The front sights were protected by the two "ears" on the stock nose-cap. Latter the front sight were changed to post type, and the rear - to the U-notch type, and since the introduction of the No.4 rifle the barrel-mounted open rear sight was replaced with peep-hole one, mounted on the receiver, which made the sighting line much longer and improved the long-range accuracy. Sniper No.4 Mk.1(T) rifles, made during the WW2, were equipped with detachable optical scope mounts at the left side of the receiver. The scope was carried in the separate box when not in use. No.4 Mk1* rifles, made during the WW2, were equipped with the simplified, two position aperture (peep-hole) sights, marked for 300 and 600 yards ranges only. Pre-1916 Lee-Enfields were also equipped with interesting device, called the "volley" sights. This device was mounted at the left side of the stock, ahead of the magazine, and was used to provide an indirect fire capability at the ranges from 2 000 and up to outstanding 3 900 yards (1800 - 3550 meters). While the individual marksmanship at such ranges with rifle was a nonsense, the salvo firing by large squads at the distant and large targets (such as tight infantry or cavalry formations) can do some damage to the enemy. This was, obviously, an idea of the pre - machine gun and pre - light artillery period, and it was happily dropped during the WW1.</div>
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The famous by its distinguishable shape stock of the SMLE featured a semi-pistol grip, a steel buttplate with a trapdoor and a compartment in the butt for tools and cleaning equipment. The "flat-nosed" forend covered the barrel up to the muzzle, and has a small stud, protruding forward under the muzzle for bayonet mounting. Most SMLEs have a small brass disc inset into the right side of the butt, which was used for regimental markings (unlike the German Mausers, where the similar steel disc was used as a bolt unit disassembly tool). The conventional sling swivels were mounted on the frond handguard band and under the butt. Mk.4 No1.(T) sniper rifles also featured an additional wooden cheek rest on the top of the butt for more comfortable sighting while using the scope.</div>
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In general the SMLE were ones of the best bolt action battle rifles, fast-firing, powerful and reliable. While being less suitable for "sporterizing" than Mausers, they are still popular among civilians as a hunting and plinking weapons, and also as a part of the history. The key deficiencies of the SMLE were probably the rimmed ammunition and non-interchangeability of bolts, but the advantages of this design were mush bigger and Lee-Enfields in all its guises served the Britain and the British Commonwealth for more than 60 years in the front line service and much longer as a specialized weapon (training and sniper).</div>
Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-17097742981005717162013-02-19T23:42:00.003-08:002013-02-19T23:43:55.212-08:00Schmeisser MP 43MP 44 Stg.44 (Germany)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXJSy_rkriOsV9poL95ZXMAuv9ADc5iQxlPZJr6fGiitVrPTwCPWOrCe031Smgpm6X5pE0Qniz4TqqYyF76KuJNbMT7R_UgmIwk-A75885NzVjEHA5R7HK-wTpYCfWhx9OusOPllANlh3m/s1600/mp44-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXJSy_rkriOsV9poL95ZXMAuv9ADc5iQxlPZJr6fGiitVrPTwCPWOrCe031Smgpm6X5pE0Qniz4TqqYyF76KuJNbMT7R_UgmIwk-A75885NzVjEHA5R7HK-wTpYCfWhx9OusOPllANlh3m/s400/mp44-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="background-color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white;">MP 43 assault rifle, the first production variant of the Sturmgewehr, left side</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTW5eKeC1e5GREzkm7g8PIESYvri3R_eRY6s4UU39FljEhDFk8hiMH-5p8iZ7c4d9u5IcoJ8JH16Dr2wP4HXKUx14eztpCJ_2OQ5MCNDz2aEF0vtj5mXRGFOOkVM3sd_VhAZESMPjF-VQZ/s1600/mp44-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="151" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTW5eKeC1e5GREzkm7g8PIESYvri3R_eRY6s4UU39FljEhDFk8hiMH-5p8iZ7c4d9u5IcoJ8JH16Dr2wP4HXKUx14eztpCJ_2OQ5MCNDz2aEF0vtj5mXRGFOOkVM3sd_VhAZESMPjF-VQZ/s400/mp44-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> MP 43 assault rifle, the first production variant of the Sturmgewehr, right side</em></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDY1qHN4-lccRcFMYznMZ125LbQsIwpb_qAXxTcBOlHzFQOUyhqKYWmCIbq0KYraedgfKH9kmePkAU220MGhbPCOoERwQu5wJkl2xY0ihXs2Xe_d0K32ajaXYW5K9RNTgP55QmUljORB8i/s1600/mp44-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="130" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDY1qHN4-lccRcFMYznMZ125LbQsIwpb_qAXxTcBOlHzFQOUyhqKYWmCIbq0KYraedgfKH9kmePkAU220MGhbPCOoERwQu5wJkl2xY0ihXs2Xe_d0K32ajaXYW5K9RNTgP55QmUljORB8i/s400/mp44-4.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Stg.44 assault rifle with the <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Krummlauf</span> <span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Vorsatz J</span> (curvedbarrel) attachment, which was designed to be fired "around the corner"or from inside the armored vehicle</span></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvL-hwcYMvPHb2VpVI3P23ukqZH_YEMS5ibLLiFh7_Hyik2S0EFaGP6hdnKxuQMeWfbpL3yiAg1wXEldJqy1Uc1oDWqzW2u1UxN9zWPLXOTHPKkVWE_NrvKSzkkLILish-2XMpjVaK2TbP/s1600/mp44-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="155" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvL-hwcYMvPHb2VpVI3P23ukqZH_YEMS5ibLLiFh7_Hyik2S0EFaGP6hdnKxuQMeWfbpL3yiAg1wXEldJqy1Uc1oDWqzW2u1UxN9zWPLXOTHPKkVWE_NrvKSzkkLILish-2XMpjVaK2TbP/s400/mp44-3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="background-color: black; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white;">MP 43 assault rifle partially disassembled</span></em></td></tr>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Caliber</b>:7.92x33 mm (7.92mm Kurz)<br />
<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Action:</b> Gas operated, tilting bolt<br />
<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Overalllength</b>: 940 mm<br />
<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Barrel length</b>: 419 mm<br />
<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Weigth</b>: 5.22 kg<br />
<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Rate of fire</b>: 500 rounds per minute<br />
<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Magazine capacity</b>: 30 rounds</div>
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Hitler’s Germany was the leading country in the development of the assault rifle. Even the term "assault rifle", is no more than a translation of the German term <span style="font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Sturmgewehr</span>,devised for propaganda reasons by no less than Hitler himself (or at least so the legend goes).<br />
Germany began to develop intermediate cartridges during the mid-1930s. There were some developments in 7 mm and 7.75 mm calibre, but Heereswaffenamt (HWaA, ordepartment of armaments), decided to retain the existing rifle calibreof 7.92 mm, to save money on new machinery that would otherwise be required to produce bullets and barrels of a non-standard calibre. The new 7.92 mm "short infantry cartridge" (Infanterie patrone Kurz),developed by the Polte Werke in 1938, was officially designated the 7.92 mm PP Kurz. It had metric dimensions of 7.92 x 33, considerably shorter and less powerful than the standard 7.92 x 57 rifle / MG cartridge, and propelled a 8.1 g (125 grain) bullet to roughly 680 meters per second.<br />
In 1939 HWaA issued a contract for the development of a "Maschinenkarabiner", or machine carbine (MKb forshort), chambered for the new Kurz cartridge, to the company C. G.Haenel Waffen und Fahrradfabrik. Initial development took place underthe designation of MKb.42 - Maschinenkarabiner, 1942. The new weapon was intended as a replacement for submachine guns, bolt action riflesand, partly, light machineguns for front troops and was intended to have an effective range of 600 meters or so.<br />
The famous designer Hugo Schmeisser led the Haenel development team, whichproduced the first working prototypes of new weapon by 1942, known as <a href="http://world.guns.ru/assault/de/mkb42-h-e.html" style="color: #3226b6; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">MKb.42(H)</a>. After extensive combat tests of the <a href="http://world.guns.ru/assault/de/mkb42-h-e.html" style="color: #3226b6; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">MKb.42(H)</a>, HWaA asked Haenel for several significant improvements over theirinitial design. Most notable was the request to replace the submachine-gun like open-bolt firing system with more convenientclosed-bolt system, to improve single-shot accuracy. Schmeisserre designed the weapon accordingly, and by 1943 submitted the improvedversion to the HWaA. But by this time Hitler had ordered that only existing types should be developed and manufactured, and theMaschinenkarabiner was not on this list. To avoid this nuisance, theGermans decided simply to rename the MKb to the MP, or Machinen pistole(submachine gun), which was on the “approved” list. So, the new andimproved weapon received the designation MP-43, and went into limited production and field trials at the front. During the following year,the MP-43 experienced several minor modifications, leading to MP-43/1and MP-43/2 designations, but these differed only in details such asfront sight bases and grenade launcher interfaces.<br />
In April1944 the designation of all MP-43s was changed to MP-44, with no actual changes made to the design. At this time there were plenty ofglowing reports from the German troops fighting with MP-43s and MP-44sat the Eastern front. Seeing these reports, Hitler finally approved themass production and issue of the new <span style="font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">“wunderwaffe”</span>, andin December 1944 officially christened it the<span style="font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Sturmgewehr</span>, or Assault Rifle, 1944 (StG.44) This was a pure act of propaganda, but thename stuck not only to that gun, but also to the whole new class of automatic weapons designed to fire intermediate cartridges.<br />
Thetotal number of MP-43s, MP-44s and StG.44s produced was about 450,000,and these guns proved very effective, but not without some flaws. Afterthe end of the war the direct development of the Stg.44 was stopped,but the East German police used some remaining guns. Another major post-war user of Stg.44 was Yugoslavia; their paratroopers used it under the designation "Automat, padobranski, 7.9 mm M44, nemacki" untilthe early 1980s, when the Kalashnikov-type M64 and M70 rifles finally replaced it. Yugoslavia also produced 7.92 x 33 Kurz ammunition untilthe late 1970s.<br />
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The StG.44 (like its earlierversions MP.43 and MP.44) is a gas operated, selective fire weapon. Thereceiver and trigger housing with pistol grip are made from steelstampings, with machined steel inserts. The trigger housing with pistolgrip is hinged to the receiver and folds down for disassembly. The gasdrive utilizes a long-stroke piston, and the bolt is tipped down tolock into the receiver. The gun is fired from a closed bolt. The MP-43and subsequent versions all were hammer-fired, while the MKb.42(H) was striker-fired. The safety lever is located at the left side of the pistol grip unit, and a separate cross-bolt type of fire mode selector allows for single-shot and full auto fire. The charging handle is attached to the gas piston rod, and the ejection port has a dust cover.The recoil spring is located inside the wooden butt. At the top of the butt there is container for a cleaning kit, closed by the spring-loaded steel cover. The Stg.44 was provided with open, leaf-type sights, and could be fitted with telescope sights or a specially developed active infrared sighting unit, called “Vampir” (vampire).<br />
The muzzle of the Stg.44 was threaded to accept a cup-like grenade launcher; a special muzzle nut usually covered the threads. The Stg.44 also couldbe fitted with a special curved barrel attachment (“Krummlauf”), which allowed the gun to be fired “around the corner” or from inside a tank,without exposing the shooter to the enemy fire. Several types of these attachments were developed, but only one type, the 30-degree “KrummlaufVorsatz J”, was apparently manufactured in any significant numbers.This device had a special mirror sighting adapter and reduced the bullet velocity down to mere 300 meters per second due to the highfriction in the curved barrel extension. This apparently did not bother the German Army, since these curved barrel adapters were intended for short-range encounters only.</div>
Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-27887294230656898702013-02-15T22:07:00.000-08:002013-02-15T22:08:29.866-08:00-=ANONYMOUS=-<br />
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Adalah sekelompok aktivis yang tersebar hampir diseluruh dunia yang diperkirakan dibentuk pada tahun 2003 lalu.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Pada awalnya, konsep yang digunakan oleh kelompok yang terdiri dari sejumlah komunitas online yang terpencar ini adalah bertindak secara anonimus namun terkoordinasi, dan umumnya memiliki target yang disepakati, serta fokus pada kesenangan semata.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Mereka sering memakai topeng yang sama dengan fil V for Vendetta, yaitu topeng Guy Fawkes sebagai identitas mereka. Tapi banyak juga yang hanya memakai topeng biasa.</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: cursive, 'Comic Sans Ms'; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;"><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">NAMUN</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: cursive, 'Comic Sans Ms'; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;">sejak tahun 2008, kelompok Anonymous semakin erat kaitannya dengan aktivitas hacking internasional yang saling bekerjasama, melakukan protes ataupun tindakan lain yang seringkali tujuannya berhubungan dengan mempromosikan kebebasan internet dan kebebasan berpendapat. Yaitu menentang adanya <b>STOP SOPA PIPA (Stop All Piracy Act)</b> Yang membuat agen <b>FBI</b> turun tangan untuk menyisir server² seperti <b>Megaupload, Filesonic, Mediafire, dsb.</b></span></div>
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dan seperti yang kita ketahui, sudah ada server yang ditutup..</div>
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<i>Berkenaan dengan adanya kebijakan itu, (menurut sumber saya) Anonymous marah... Dan mengancam semua pihak yang mendukung adanya <b>stopipa</b> ini.</i></div>
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Sudah banyak yang mendapat ancaman, dan salah satunya yang paling terkenal adalah FACEBOOK, karena dikabarkan FB menyalahgunakan data² privasi penggunanya, lalu menjualnya ke pihak ke 3 (sperti Intel, pemerintah, dsb). Dan akhirnya, kalian liat sendiri perubahan apa yang ada di FB saat ini.</div>
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Klik <a href="http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/technology-blog/anonymous-hackers-pledge-destroy-facebook-november-5-154416057.html?fb_source=home_multiline&fb_action_types=news.reads&fb_action_ids=2153613399148&code=AQA5xED1Yz2e2UuwXC0LcyhB-l9X7PxLOlGHnShYJXOyfwJCcgP-irq8tbtMnNb4HyDB8n0hMoPcFV9LkFW4Uuwn_VYjq__vkrh1mRxX-nAQ-LzJ36vCNkudNf-hE9KbDk_ngHrR7RVLbkTF4X7RyMWpZsSa9iRJ3xkmTe8v_T5wN1HroOeKyRBcvDgnrCoEUU6ZKx%20%20xmljtQ_Js5hToNYczY#_=_" style="text-decoration: initial;">INI</a> untuk ke TKP.</div>
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DAN TERNYATA!!!</div>
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<b>Indonesia</b> juga pernah diancam oleh anonymous. Mreka mengancam <i>DEPKOMINFO</i> jika mereka berusaha memfilter Internet. Klik <a href="http://fokus.vivanews.com/news/read/239739-hacker-anonymous-rambah-indonesia" style="text-decoration: initial;">INI</a>untuk ke TKP</div>
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Menurut beberapa sumber pula, Anonymous sudah pernah membuktikan kekuatan mereka, yakni membobol web² ataupun situs² pemerintah Amerika. Dan ini menyebabkan kelumpuhan yang cukup lama. Oleh karena itu, hampir semua pihak yang mendapat ancaman dari anonymous kerap langsung tidak mendukung adanya <b>stopapipa</b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: cursive, 'Comic Sans Ms'; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;">Jadi, gimana menurut readers? Apakah mereka pantas disebut pahlawan kebebasan dunia maya? :)</span></div>
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<span style="color: white; font-size: medium;"><i style="background-color: black;">TAMBAHAN BERITA</i></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Pengguna MegaUpload Akan Menuntut FBI!</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: black; color: white; font-family: cursive, 'Comic Sans Ms'; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;"><b>KOMPAS.com</b> - Pengguna Megaupload menyatakan akan menuntut FBI karena telah menutup Megaupload secara tiba-tiba.</span></div>
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Hal ini menyebabkan pengguna yang memanfaatkan Megaupload untuk menyimpan data pribadi, harus kehilangan data-data mereka dan tak bisa mengaksesnya lagi.</div>
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"Penutupan tiba-tiba Megaupload ini tidak berdasar dan benar-benar tidak proporsional. Tidak sesuai dengan tujuan yang dimaksudkan," ujar Pirates of Catalonia.</div>
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Untuk itu, Pirate Parties International dari berbagai negara kini sedang menyusun daftar pengguna yang dirugikan. Potensi pelanggaran hukum AS sedang ditelusuri dari kasus ini. Dalam waktu dekat, gugatan akan diajukan kepada pemerintah AS.</div>
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untuk lebih detail silahkan baca <a href="http://tekno.kompas.com/read/2012/01/27/19083837/Pengguna.Megaupload.Akan.Tuntut.FBI" style="text-decoration: initial;">disini</a></div>
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<b>Situs TNI AD Terbobol Anonymous. Ratusan email beserta password tercuri.</b></div>
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Saat ini tengah marak di dunia maya “bocoran” informasi seputar database email milik anggota TNI AD beserta password akun tersebut. Database itu didapat oleh kelompok hacker Anonymous asal Indonesia yang mengambilnya dari situs resmi Angkatan Darat.</div>
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Adalah pengguna Twitter dengan nick anonymouSabu yang pertamakali menyebutkan bahwa rekan-rekannya di #opIndonesia telah menayangkan hasil penerobosan mereka ke laman <a href="http://www.tniad.mil.id./" style="text-decoration: initial;">http://www.tniad.mil.id.</a></div>
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“Our brothers at #opIndonesia dropping another dump for the indonesians: pastebin.com/ax26qcm2 tniad.mil.id #antisec #anonymous,” tweet anonymouSabu, pada akunnya, di Twitter.</div>
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Dari pantauan VIVAnews, 10 Agustus 2011, terdapat 109 alamat email dan password yang berhasil diambil oleh hacker dari situs tersebut.</div>
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selengkapnya baca di : <a href="http://fokus.vivanews.com/news/read/239612-database-email-tni-ad-dihack-" style="text-decoration: initial;">SINI</a></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: black; color: white;">Surat Ancaman Anonymous Untuk Pemerintah Amerika</span></b></div>
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Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-46681511937290412152013-02-14T18:00:00.001-08:002013-02-14T18:00:55.881-08:00Thales EF88 / F90 assault rifle (Australia)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWyO-XI6cN_40geS_PWiNz4j3vxbCFg_LYS1J5Ke7lhCx7cObK2NPdV9tFpnCbZUaU0ySX7cVLONNpAZdn_07-962fe5AhHAUrosCUp3UbECOMt_bWhuvWxiLtHobHlpD6gG2EG6a3n9ik/s1600/1360862215.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="168" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWyO-XI6cN_40geS_PWiNz4j3vxbCFg_LYS1J5Ke7lhCx7cObK2NPdV9tFpnCbZUaU0ySX7cVLONNpAZdn_07-962fe5AhHAUrosCUp3UbECOMt_bWhuvWxiLtHobHlpD6gG2EG6a3n9ik/s400/1360862215.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #999999; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="color: white;">Thales EF88 / F90 assault rifle with 40cm barrel</span></i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN3RCeoIPs2EtA2UoIy8eirNV4CINODYThA2JC1y-aQfT0NhuvZG2mspX1emuIlbOIM4DYH3whHndse226k7v8H876AwtZu7sEEDQ4STQ2mIG79RO9-lJOys2r3n-Tcem2RurF_-ejG80z/s1600/1360862382.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="148" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN3RCeoIPs2EtA2UoIy8eirNV4CINODYThA2JC1y-aQfT0NhuvZG2mspX1emuIlbOIM4DYH3whHndse226k7v8H876AwtZu7sEEDQ4STQ2mIG79RO9-lJOys2r3n-Tcem2RurF_-ejG80z/s400/1360862382.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: #999999; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px;"><i><span style="color: white;">Thales EF88 / F90 assault rifle with 50cm barrel and underbarrel grenade launcher</span></i></span></td></tr>
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<table border="1" bordercolor="#000001" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 98%; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; width: 624px;"><colgroup style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><col style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="109"></col><col style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="236"></col><col style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="236"></col></colgroup><tbody style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="TOP"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="109"><div lang="en-US" style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
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</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="236"><div align="CENTER" style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="color: white; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: #999999; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">F90 carbine</b></span></span></span></div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="236"><div align="CENTER" style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="color: white; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: #999999; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">F90</b></span></span></span></div>
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<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="TOP"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="109"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="color: white; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: #999999; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Caliber</b></span></span></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="236"><div align="CENTER" style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: #999999; color: white; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">5.56x45 NATO</span></span></span></div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="236"><div align="CENTER" style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: #999999; color: white; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">5.56x45 NATO</span></span></span></div>
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<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="TOP"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="109"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="color: white; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: #999999; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Length</b></span></span></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="236"><div align="CENTER" style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: #999999; color: white; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">700 mm</span></span></span></div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="236"><div align="CENTER" style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: #999999; color: white; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">802 mm</span></span></span></div>
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<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="TOP"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="109"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="color: white; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: #999999; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Barrel length</b></span></span></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="236"><div align="CENTER" style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: #999999; color: white; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">407 mm</span></span></span></div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="236"><div align="CENTER" style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: #999999; color: white; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">508 mm</span></span></span></div>
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<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="TOP"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="109"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="color: white; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: #999999; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Weight</b></span></span></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="236"><div align="CENTER" style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: #999999; color: white; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">3.25 kg</span></span></span></div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="236"><div align="CENTER" style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: #999999; color: white; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">3.39 kg</span></span></span></div>
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<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="TOP"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="109"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="color: white; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: #999999; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Rate of fire</b></span></span></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="236"><div align="CENTER" style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: #999999; color: white; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">850 RPM</span></span></span></div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="236"><div align="CENTER" style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: #999999; color: white; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">850 RPM</span></span></span></div>
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<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="TOP"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="109"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="color: white; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="background-color: #999999; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Magazine</b></span></span></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="236"><div align="CENTER" style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: #999999; color: white; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">30 rounds</span></span></span></div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="236"><div align="CENTER" style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: #999999; color: white; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">30 rounds</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">F90 assault rifle, also known as EF88 (enhanced F88) is an evolution of the F88 assault rifle, which was adopted by Australian and New Zealand armed forces during late 1980s. The original F88 rifle is a licensed copy of the Austrian <a href="http://kevinthekrintanx.blogspot.com/2011/02/steyr-aug.html" style="color: #3226b6; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Steyr AUG rifle</a>, and it was produced in Australia at Australian Defense Industries factory in Lithgow. Today this same factory is operated by the Thales Australia, which developed EF88 / F90 rifle as a next weapon for Australian army, as well as for export.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />While internally and externally the F90 is still close to Steyr AUG, it has many distinctive upgrades and changes, developed by Thales to fulfill current and near-future requirements of Australian armed forces. The Thales F90 rifles were first displayed to the public in mid-2012, and initial production is scheduled for 2013.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />The resulting weapon is said to be much more reliable and comfortable than original F88 / Steyr AUG rifle. It is also noticeably lighter: standard F90 with 50 cm / 20” barrel is about 0.5 kg / 1.1 lbs lighter than standard F88 rifle; with new 40mm underbarrel grenade launcher installed, resulting weapon is more than 1.6 kg / 3.5 lbs lighter than F88 rifle equipped with M203PI grenade launcher.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">F90 / EF88 assault rifle is gas operated, selectively fired weapon of bullpup layout. It uses polymer housing with improved shape of buttstock (including the new buttpad and added comb for better cheek-weld). Gas operated, short-stroke, rotary bolt action is similar to that of original Steyr AUG, but the gas block is modified. Aluminum alloy receiver is also modified to improve reliability and reduce weight. Ejection ports and ejection covers also modified to ensure reliable extraction under all conditions.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Unlike all previous versions of the Steyr AUG, the F90 has non-removable barrels, cold-hammer forged and externally fluted. Standard F90 rifles are offered with 50 cm / 20” barrels; other versions include carbines with 40 cm / 16” barrel and CQB variants with 36 cm / 14.1” barrel. Other clearly visible changes include extended Mil-Std (Picatinny) rail at the top; bottom rail has replaced original folding forward grip of the Steyr AUG / F88. Third accessory rail is mounted on the right side of the weapon. Trigger guard is redesigned to accept new, specially designed 40mm Underbarrel Grenade Launcher. This lightweight add-on weapon can be quickly attached directly to the bottom rail of the host rifle, and then easily removed when not required. Less visible changes include addition of the bolt hold-open device to facilitate faster reloads. F90 will feed from the same proprietary translucent magazines, made from polymer as the original Steyr AUG / F88 rifles, although optional STANAG-compatible version is said to be available in the near future. Basic sighting is provided by Trijicon ACOG optical sights with 1.5X or 3.5X magnification, although sights can be easily changed, thanks to MilStd mounts.</span></span></span></div>
Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-68050020119675750802013-02-14T17:23:00.000-08:002013-02-14T17:32:02.358-08:00IWI X95 assault rifle / carbine / submachine gun (Israel)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Sm-S4_dTDal_zb565k9h0DtYsKmrAT3bwh-CfP1M4xSQPZxt0Cgdj_KEbJtZYLYwGWRtGYYYTiKu32XU7DZLLjeDo_1opYDsEcYfjzFImS3jwzc5g9AR0l1GVEa5J2EimgnAXWrLt1Gm/s1600/1360863097.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="222" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh3Sm-S4_dTDal_zb565k9h0DtYsKmrAT3bwh-CfP1M4xSQPZxt0Cgdj_KEbJtZYLYwGWRtGYYYTiKu32XU7DZLLjeDo_1opYDsEcYfjzFImS3jwzc5g9AR0l1GVEa5J2EimgnAXWrLt1Gm/s400/1360863097.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px;"><i style="background-color: black;">5.56mm IWI X95 assault rifle</i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN5PuzFSAuiiv_GsRRvEuwfz1jOqBtgSWQw_B0JZb4YOnlw-msoCeXJb2rAl2tsvw9MVIoLlQFzds0UyHLGxXpWevcFHfmj9yHRctwEodhDsAmr8DV1tyaGyfNSbbsKrMWKC6744W_khmF/s1600/1360863136.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN5PuzFSAuiiv_GsRRvEuwfz1jOqBtgSWQw_B0JZb4YOnlw-msoCeXJb2rAl2tsvw9MVIoLlQFzds0UyHLGxXpWevcFHfmj9yHRctwEodhDsAmr8DV1tyaGyfNSbbsKrMWKC6744W_khmF/s400/1360863136.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px;"><i style="background-color: black;">5.56mm IWI X95 assault carbine</i></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiorTb2pAc6BN6bWvOmhFoDwTa5goux5VgL3zcJKLhtjgiyTFq5fFBvoAeliBHJd-LRGfAcLFIA153Z89ni7g1wb9vmAPwv_9kOCrpfD87p0RN42pSrBMtIxVv1vtlqYhWb8rrVKybZ39WF/s1600/1360863180.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiorTb2pAc6BN6bWvOmhFoDwTa5goux5VgL3zcJKLhtjgiyTFq5fFBvoAeliBHJd-LRGfAcLFIA153Z89ni7g1wb9vmAPwv_9kOCrpfD87p0RN42pSrBMtIxVv1vtlqYhWb8rrVKybZ39WF/s400/1360863180.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px;"><i style="background-color: black;">9mm X95 submachine gun with optional sound suppressor (silencer)</i></span></td></tr>
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<table border="1" bordercolor="#000001" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 98%; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; width: 606px;"><colgroup style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><col style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="109"></col><col style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="147"></col><col style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="147"></col><col style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="146"></col></colgroup><tbody style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="TOP"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="109"><div lang="en-US" style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: auto;">
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</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="147"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">IWI X95 L rifle</b></span></span></span></div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="147"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">IWI X95 carbine</b></span></span></span></div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="146"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">IWI X95 SMG</b></span></span></span></div>
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<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="TOP"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="109"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Caliber</b></span></span></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="147"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">5.56x45 NATO</span></span></span></div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="147"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">5.56x45 NATO</span></span></span></div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="146"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">9x19 Luger / Para</span></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="TOP"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="109"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Length</b></span></span></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="147"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">640 mm</span></span></span></div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="147"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">580 mm</span></span></span></div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="146"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">580 mm</span></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="TOP"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="109"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Barrel length</b></span></span></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="147"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">380 mm</span></span></span></div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="147"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">330 mm</span></span></span></div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="146"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">330 mm</span></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="TOP"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="109"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Weight</b></span></span></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="147"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">3.05 kg</span></span></span></div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="147"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2.98 kg</span></span></span></div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="146"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2.98 kg</span></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="TOP"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="109"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Rate of fire</b></span></span></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="147"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">700 ~ 1000 RPM</span></span></span></div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="147"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">700 ~ 1000 RPM</span></span></span></div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="146"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">750 ~ 1200 RPM</span></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" valign="TOP"><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="109"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Magazine</b></span></span></span></div>
</td><td bgcolor="#ffffff" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="147"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">30 rounds</span></span></span></div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="147"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">30 rounds</span></span></span></div>
</td><td style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" width="146"><div style="font-size: 16px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.05cm; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: auto;">
<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="color: white; font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="background-color: black; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">32 rounds</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The X95 is a modular weapon, developed by Israeli Weapon Industries (IWI) Ltd primary for use by Special Forces personnel. IWI X95 is based on the already battle-proven <a href="http://world.guns.ru/assault/isr/tavor-tar-21-e.html" style="color: #3226b6; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">Tavor TAR-21</a> assault rifle, with modifications and upgrades suggested by Israeli Special Forces. Single X95 weapon can be easily configured as an ‘all around’ assault rifle, compact CQB or PDW carbine, or 9mm submachine gun, which can be further silenced for covert operations.</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: small; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">IWI X95 assault rifle is of bullpup layout, with stock made of modern impact-resistant polymer. It features quick detachable barrel system, which allows changing barrel lengths and calibers depending on the upcoming mission profile. 5.56mm version employs conventional gas operated action with rotary bolt locking, based on that of the Tavor TAR-21 assault rifle. 9mm SMG version features simple blowback system. Both versions fire from closed bolt, utilizing same hammer fired trigger system, which permits for single shots and full automatic fire. Both versions also can be configured for right- or left-hand ejection of the spent cartridge cases, depending on the preferences of the operator. Other configurable options include two versions of the pistol grip – one with enlarged “full-hand” trigger guard and another with small “conventional” trigger guard. Ambidextrous controls include Safety / Fire selector switches, located above the pistol grip, and additional magazine release buttons, located above the trigger guard. Charging handle also can be installed on either side of the gun. Feed is from detachable box magazines; 5,56mm version uses STANAG (M16-compatible) magazines, while 9mm version uses UZI magazines, which requires installation of the 9mm magazine adapter into the 5.56mm magazine well. Sighting means are provided by an array of day- and night optics, which can be easily installed onto Picatinny rail which runs atop of the weapon. Most typical primary sighting equipment for X95 weapon is some type of Red Dot sight. Folding iron sights are provided as a back-up. Other accessories may include quick-detachable sound suppressors (silencers) for both calibers (5,56mm and 9mm), rifle slings etc.</span></span></span></div>
Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-58898443530024275682013-02-12T05:24:00.001-08:002013-02-12T05:26:51.002-08:00Filosofi Hacker<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaOw7icmXAMYk_Khsob8an7b2Z1chmHgdTGP_OUTEnnV1Tz-BZJpOq84kdKmFVurEopw6jzN0CAhfF8kFEO1MSdMMhOYNegTfphJcTpgoHl9yxcKtdbrUS6yoPFwbKTOce3QefnW68VNeV/s1600/hacker2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaOw7icmXAMYk_Khsob8an7b2Z1chmHgdTGP_OUTEnnV1Tz-BZJpOq84kdKmFVurEopw6jzN0CAhfF8kFEO1MSdMMhOYNegTfphJcTpgoHl9yxcKtdbrUS6yoPFwbKTOce3QefnW68VNeV/s400/hacker2.png" width="372" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;"><br /></span></span></div>
<span style="background-color: black; color: white;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Hacking pada dasarnya adalah semangat. Hacking akan mengajarkan kita bagaimana dunia ini bekerja dan bagaimana kita menyikapinya. Bahkan terkadang kita harus mengalahkannya. Dan esensi dari hacking adalah </span><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">mengatasi semua keterbatasan.</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVIl8VtDcJrGc6184Qd3m-p164VLHefM1YquweteUWYWUll616Oss4DBU5E-7rAUT_kfVG1JOIGGq7pnrpdotQVgT613rEHEu_LynQyu6gxdTIjcxn3x5B7NDUNd-e8WpfFq5qBPbOrLVl/s1600/AnonymousRevolutions.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVIl8VtDcJrGc6184Qd3m-p164VLHefM1YquweteUWYWUll616Oss4DBU5E-7rAUT_kfVG1JOIGGq7pnrpdotQVgT613rEHEu_LynQyu6gxdTIjcxn3x5B7NDUNd-e8WpfFq5qBPbOrLVl/s400/AnonymousRevolutions.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Anonymous" - salah satu organisasi Hacker yang paling mendunia.</td></tr>
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<span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Hacking berkembang dalam lingkungan psikologi dan intelektual tertentu, bukan berarti untuk menjadi hacker haruslah jenius, tapi dengan mempelajari hacking kita akan belajar untuk menjadi jenius. Dalam hal ini jenius berarti kemampuan untuk melihat hakikat. Orang jenius bukanlah orang selalu mendapat rangking/juara bukan pula orang yang dapat menjawab semua pertanyaan guru.</span><br style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Pada dasarnya pertanyaan guru atau latihan disekolah adalah sesuatu yang bisa dihafal, bisa dipelajari dengan buku (tekstual), tapi dengan begitu kita berhenti untuk berfikir. Dalam geometri euclid kita mengenal jarak terdekat dari dua titik adalah garis lurus, dan jumlah sudut dalam segitiga adalah 180 derjad. Tapi apakah kita berada dalam ruang yang datar ?, apakah ruang hanya seiris semesta ?. Euclid gagal menjelaskan itu semua. Jarak antara GreenWich dengan Los Angels seharusnya lebih jauh dari apa yang telah diprediksikan. Karena kita melalui ruang yang melengkung. Dan pada ruang lengkung jumlah sudut-sudut segitiga LEBIH dari 180 derjad. Berfikir dan melihat dengan cara berbeda itulah yang dikatakan jenius. Kembali kepada lingkungan hacking. Lingkungan hacker didominasi oleh orang-orang yang mencoba melihat dengan cara yang unik dan dengan begitu mereka mencoba untuk mengatasi keterbatasan.</span><br style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Dalam dunia psikologi, - tidak semuanya - sebagian hacker memiliki beberapa masalah psikologi. Bukanlah hal yang mudah untuk hidup secara 'geek'. Hacker memiliki cara pandang dan pola hidup yang sedikit menyimpang dari kebanyakan. Hal ini meyebabkan hacker berbeda dan 'glow in the dark'.</span><br style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Budaya kebanyakan atau 'mainstream' bukanlah sebuah budaya obyektif dan dapat diterima oleh hacker. Mainstream telah tertidur dan melupakan berbagai masalah yang seharusnya dipecahkan, setidak-tidaknya sebagai kebutuhan berfikir.</span><br style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Mainstream dengan sifat 'kebanyakannya' telah menciptakan nilai-nilai subyektif yang tidak obyektif kebenarannya, bahkan malah masyarakatlah yang menciptakan 'standar kebenaran'. Sedangkan hacker begitu menghargai liberalisme dan kebebasan berfikir dan menghargai mengapa seseorang melakukan atau tidak melakukan sesuatu. Hacker menyadari bahwa hidup tidak selalu ideal dan prinsip 'ceteris peribus' tidak dapat diterapkan begitu saja. Hacker-hacker remaja atau 'proto-hacker' merupakan korban dari mainstream.</span><br style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Dalam dunia hacker-hacker remaja, mereka berfikir jauh melompati masyarakat disekeliling-nya. Dalam segi teknik-pun mereka lebih kreatif dan mampu mengembangkan kemampuan berfikirnya. Sebut saja 'phiber optik', 'bloodaxe', 'CB', merupakan remaja-remaja unggul dan sekumpulan jenius yang terbuang. Dalam dunia hacking, hacker berkomunikasi secara digital. Irc, Messengger, Mailing-List dan Short Message System merupakan sarana komunikasi yang paling sering dipergunakan. Dan dalam komunitas mereka seperti saudara.</span><br style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Hacker akan merasakan kebahagiaan berada dilingkungan dimana ia DIHARGAI dan mendapat tempat. Komunitas bermula dari sekelompok anak muda - dan beberapa didirikan oleh 31337 -. Dalam komunitas terdapat semangat saling membangun dan bertukar informasi. Tidak jarang diantara komunitas mereka membahas masalah pribadi, kedekatan secara emosional membentuk sebuah rasa persaudaraan yang kuat.</span><br style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Tidaklah mengherankan begitu banyak pendukung yang berasal dari kalangan hacker berdemonstrasi menuntut kebebasan 'Kevin Mitnick'. Berbagai situs hacking, sebut saja 2600.com menempatkan logo "FREE KEVIN" dalam situsnya dan aktivis hacking dengan bangga mengenakan t-shirt "FREE K". Masing-masing komunitas hacker memiliki keunikan tersendiri, mereka berusaha untuk memberikan yang terbaik. Persaingan sehat terjadi disini, walaupun tidak jarang terjadi perang cyber (cyber war).</span><br style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Namun hal ini terjadi dalam lingkungan cracker, kita sebut saja cyber vandals. Mereka saling mengirimkan worm, menginfeksi server-server dan secara terorganisir melakukan serangan Denial of Service dengan berbagai tujuan. Lalu mengapa mereka melakukan hacking ? Ini semua pada dasarnya adalah sebuah rasa ingin tahu, dan keyakinan bahwa kebenaran ada diluar sana ! Tapi sayangnya journalis, wartawan, seperti halnya para 'muggle' dalam Harry Potter, mereka tidak tahu apa-apa dan menganggap semua aktifitas hacker adalah ilegal dan digunakan untuk mencari keuntungan materi. Mereka tidak menyadari semangat, jiwa dan ruh hacking. Semua penuh keingintahuan, dan hacker memiliki rasa ingin tahu yang tinggi. Dan sistem dan teknologi untuk ditaklukkan, bukannya sistem yang menaklukkan dan mengendalikan kita</span><br style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Ada sesuatu dibalik sana. Dan dalam kode etik hacker, semua informasi haruslah bebas. Sejujurnya saya kurang setuju terhadap statement diatas. Saya tetap tidak akan senang jika ada seseorang memasuki wilayah prifasi saya. Kebebasan disini adalah informasi umum. Setiap orang berhak tahu ! Dan setiap penguasa tidak punya hak untuk menutup-nutupinya.</span><br style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="font-family: verdana, geneva, lucida, 'lucida grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19.1875px;">Lalu apakah hacking, hacker dan panggung perhackingan (hacking scene) akan terus berlanjut ? YA ! Tidak ada alasan untuk menghentikan 'pencarian' ini. Terlepas dari baik atau buruk, rasa ingin tahu - yang positif - tidak boleh dikekang. Semuanya akan berjalan sesuai dengan evolusi. Dan pengetahuan akan mengubah umat manusia ! Anda bisa menghentikanku, namun tidak akan bisa menghentikan kami semua !!!</span></span></span>Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-55271452784834224022013-02-11T01:10:00.001-08:002013-02-11T01:12:53.537-08:00Thor M408 long range sniper rifle (USA)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2-Pq9w-WFxjWxJEVVZy96i2ZFrHEj6l3s4Oi44KLQD7MosLetuCRpF3UR55tlsau0YM8niZyqkwfeCfqCMhqySN7ROz58pjTmzIyknHqjSWxVd5Ba5PYUCyi3_GD-Yyi10IowHaB_Fkgm/s1600/1349896028.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2-Pq9w-WFxjWxJEVVZy96i2ZFrHEj6l3s4Oi44KLQD7MosLetuCRpF3UR55tlsau0YM8niZyqkwfeCfqCMhqySN7ROz58pjTmzIyknHqjSWxVd5Ba5PYUCyi3_GD-Yyi10IowHaB_Fkgm/s400/1349896028.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Caliber</strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">.408 CheyTac</span></span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Action</strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Bolt action</span></span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Overall length</strong></div>
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<span lang="en-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1219-1384 </span>mm <span lang="en-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/ 48-54.5”</span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Barrel length</strong></div>
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<span lang="en-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">762 </span>mm <span lang="en-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">/ 30”</span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Weight, with empty magazine</strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">11.8 kg / 26 lbs</span></span></div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Magazine capacity</span></strong></div>
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<span style="font-family: Calibri, serif; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span lang="en-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">7 rounds</span></span></div>
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<span lang="en-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The THOR M408 extreme long range sniper rifle is an evolved version of the original <a href="http://kevinthekrintanx.blogspot.com/2011/04/intervention.html">Cheytac M200</a> sniper system. Developed for extreme range interdiction (ERI), the USA manufactured rifle is produced by THOR Global Defense Group. The M408 system is in use by several law enforcement and military units around the world. Although the company will not comment or disclose the names or countries of all their clients, they are able to schedule product demonstrations and provide additional data on the systems with one of the many authorized THOR agents from locations such as London, Manila, Moscow, New York and Sofia. This rifle is also available for civilian shooters who are engaged in extreme long-range target shooting. As supplied, the THOR M408 rifle is capable of outstanding long-range accuracy, with Sub-MOA groups routinely shot at all ranges up to 2000 yards (1800+ meters).</span></div>
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<span lang="en-US" style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The THOR M408 long range sniper rifle is a manually operated, bolt action rifle. It employs traditional rotary bolt with dual frontal locking lugs and fluted body. The massive, extreme duty steel receiver offers strength and accuracy along with a quick-detachable barrel system which facilitates compact storage, simplified maintenance and simple replacement of worn barrels. The barrel is typically fitted with highly effective muzzle brake, which can be easily removed via standard threads and, if required (and permitted by local laws), quickly replaced by specially designed sound moderator (silencer). This rifle is fed using detachable box magazines with 7-round capacity. A fully adjustable buttstock is made of aluminum with steel reinforced guide rods, and the rifle is fitted with free-floating tubular forend (barrel jacket), which carries an adjustable folding bipod. An adjustable collapsible monopod is located under the buttstock. To facilitate easier transportation and maneuvers, the rifle is fitted with a high strength polymer rotating carrying handle, located near the center of mass. When not needed, this handle is rotated down and locked, as not to interfere with handling of the gun. As manufactured, The THOR M408 rifle has no iron sights. Instead, it sports a MIL-STD Picatinny type rail on the receiver, which could accept any suitable scope in appropriate mount, such as the Nightforce 5.5-22x56, which is recommended by the manufacturer.</span></div>
Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-88820328610440062942013-02-10T02:27:00.003-08:002013-02-13T02:03:21.353-08:00Ar-15 – type semi-automatic Rifles<span style="background-color: #eaeaea; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify;">Special feature article by Maxim Popenker, text © 2012.</span><br />
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Brief overview.</b></div>
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Before we start, it must be pointed out that “AR-15” is a registered trade mark of Colt’s Manufacturing Co, Inc. Therefore, only rifles made by Colt or Colt licensees can be legally marked as “AR-15”. Rifles of similar design but made by everyone else are usually described as “AR-15 type” or “AR-15 style” and bear various proprietary model designations, such as SR-15, XM-15, Z-15 etc.</div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><i style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">original "Colt AR-15" logo on the military issue M16A1 rifle</i></span></span></td></tr>
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The family of semi-automatic rifles, based on the original Armalite Ar-15 / Colt M16 automatic rifles, is one of the broadest and most popular in the world. Weapons based on same basic design features and same basic specifications, originally established by Colt and approved by US Government (so called Mil-Spec, for “Military specifications”) are manufactured in hundreds of versions and configurations, dozens of calibers and in many countries of the world. Obviously, the USA is the major source and consumer of these rifles, but similar weapons also are manufactured in Canada, Czech republic, China, Germany, Italy, Turkey, Switzerland and even Russia and Ukraine.</div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">History and present.</b></div>
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The AR-15 designation itself comes from the Armalite division of the Fairchild Republic Corporation, which originally developed this rifle during second half of the 1950s as its fifteenth weapon project. Colt bought AR-15 rifle design and manufacturing rights from Armalite in 1959. More details on the origins of the AR-15 military rifles can be found in the <a href="http://world.guns.ru/assault/usa/m16-m16a1-m16a2-m16a3-e.html" style="color: #3226b6; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration: initial;">M16 rifle article</a>.</div>
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Original Ar-15 “Sporter” rifles were manufactured for civilian market by Colt since 1963. These were no more than semi-automatic versions of the original AR-15, M16 and M16A1 rifles, with basically same external appearance and furniture. Initial popularity of these semi-automatic weapons was quite limited. Things began to change gradually in late 1980s and early 1990s, as M16A2 rifle proved itself well as a military weapon, and Colt began to manufacture its semi-automatic only, civilian-legal AR-15A2 “Sporter” and “Match Target” versions. Several other companies soon joined the club, manufacturing rifles based on aforementioned military specifications to assume parts interchangeability.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix6NZ4OOtYJ297YtDcmVMlHn_7lcogEw4K_7NAuI-pJna2eFAMnMQnRyNgMLcG4LEi2VRT-e0H87-K28i7HkkOpUrujjy0CEjS4d69Py_ikd9oEAVjwW1t_7XAcvgB5GgEDTihJjClBIA5/s1600/1346758370.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="97" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix6NZ4OOtYJ297YtDcmVMlHn_7lcogEw4K_7NAuI-pJna2eFAMnMQnRyNgMLcG4LEi2VRT-e0H87-K28i7HkkOpUrujjy0CEjS4d69Py_ikd9oEAVjwW1t_7XAcvgB5GgEDTihJjClBIA5/s400/1346758370.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><i style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Colt AR-15 Sporter SP1 semi-automatic rifle, based on the early XM16E1 military rifle</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOJamTsSlDAwvC2qHjdaGdB56uQcxJ50AstVtVg-knjt5313MRw5lkQsPuwpPu9H0FiK48TJ56s9xm1AYKmStYrIjkh0w0AUVBmUGqngungsGp-XZh5DWtvLz9NDzOog_k_d6SPo6aePvx/s1600/1346758452.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="95" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOJamTsSlDAwvC2qHjdaGdB56uQcxJ50AstVtVg-knjt5313MRw5lkQsPuwpPu9H0FiK48TJ56s9xm1AYKmStYrIjkh0w0AUVBmUGqngungsGp-XZh5DWtvLz9NDzOog_k_d6SPo6aePvx/s400/1346758452.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><i style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Colt AR-15A2 Match Target Heavy Barrel semi-automatic rifle, based on the M16A2 military rifle</i></span></span></td></tr>
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Early Ar-15 style rifles were almost invariably manufactured to fire ammunition of same caliber as its military ancestor, the .223 / 5.56mm. Early caliber alternatives for Ar-15 style rifles introduced in 1980s, were limited to .22LR for low cost training (by using special adapters) and 9x19 and .45ACP pistol ammunition for short-range shooting (including home defense). Latter options required a dedicated 9mm or .45ACP upper receiver with appropriate barrel, bolt group, magazine adapter and magazines.</div>
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During last two decades (1990s and 2000s) however, the spectrum of calibers available for Ar-15 style rifles broadened noticeably. Among earliest adoptions was the ex-Soviet 7.62x39, low-cost, mid-range cartridge with sufficient power to hunt soft-skinned medium game and provide good stopping power for home defense. It also required dedicated upper receiver with 7.62mm barrel and bolt, as well as dedicated magazines for reliable functioning. Recent contender to the venerable Russian 7.62mm war-horse is the .300 AAC Blackout / .300 Whisper cartridge, which, although more expensive, is also more accurate and somehow more versatile. It also fits into the standard 5.56mm magazines and bolt faces. Other modern cartridges like 6.5 Grendel or 6.8 Remington SPC offer good compromise between 5.56mm and 7.62mm ammunition for rifles, originally designed for 5.56mm ammunition. Introduction of several specially designed big-bore cartridges, which can be crammed into standard Ar-15 magazines (in single, rather than in double stack), put this rifle into medium and even big game hunting class, although only at short- to medium ranges. Cartridges like .458 SOCOM, .499 LWR or .50 Beowulf fire bullets heavy and powerful enough (usually weighting 26+ gram / 300+ grains with muzzle energy in excess of 3000 Joules / 2200 ft/lbs) to drop down many medium-sized and some big animals at ranges of up to 100-200 meters. Obviously, these cartridges require dedicated upper receivers with appropriately chambered barrels, but most of these rounds are designed with rebated rims to function with standard bolts with 5.56 / .223 bolt faces.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMfLhB4PDG2Fh90m6O1Awk0TufMLW9rO1b0kjsC2KZauBIVxYMa-09K1mJl3ZWcicDABqz7VkvACVdT7P2OJ19A6tEP-rIDnBkOnsVOACqxQX2I7_-CdQpNWveIwWsngNnzvpNo3NfKF-U/s1600/1346758571.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="142" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMfLhB4PDG2Fh90m6O1Awk0TufMLW9rO1b0kjsC2KZauBIVxYMa-09K1mJl3ZWcicDABqz7VkvACVdT7P2OJ19A6tEP-rIDnBkOnsVOACqxQX2I7_-CdQpNWveIwWsngNnzvpNo3NfKF-U/s400/1346758571.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><i style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">just some of the most popular cartridges that can be used in AR-15 style rifles</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj85Dfw6bUAqXu98sYkMMjJMA8ejMG4gQ6MrbYloh7bO1KY5GiA8uSlbHrj_U5_AeKc-A8HbFhON2p9wkqKQZ53cMFb_FwKJ2x_q4TS46TNs75AaX9IRXhD3zEwkx468dNUrdwdUkhyOxas/s1600/1346758735.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="133" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj85Dfw6bUAqXu98sYkMMjJMA8ejMG4gQ6MrbYloh7bO1KY5GiA8uSlbHrj_U5_AeKc-A8HbFhON2p9wkqKQZ53cMFb_FwKJ2x_q4TS46TNs75AaX9IRXhD3zEwkx468dNUrdwdUkhyOxas/s400/1346758735.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><i style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Colt Sporter carbine in 9x19 Luger</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2ZGZxIJBbLuDU5qRiMsR5LUc6lAtN8qsFdUgbc72g9YvASJEzkKmkLoAepCQCdTjQW9Txz9Og9Hb2Oi0SDSLJP7FPM_-N2O347vLh3GYmkZDAD5tIDjoxtCJVnHKLzhSm8_2y45oIfo3b/s1600/1346758772.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2ZGZxIJBbLuDU5qRiMsR5LUc6lAtN8qsFdUgbc72g9YvASJEzkKmkLoAepCQCdTjQW9Txz9Og9Hb2Oi0SDSLJP7FPM_-N2O347vLh3GYmkZDAD5tIDjoxtCJVnHKLzhSm8_2y45oIfo3b/s400/1346758772.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><i style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Barret M468 carbine in 6.8 Remington SPC</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB-ChQHQvfFz7N2wffNhsaoVUU94Xhtr9IhDYkv8ic6p2l4kzoRNy_-rtGehdPSJi8lsQXPVKyokKM2GvXqPc0rC4xH1pMrHv3cnfCuBEbcN4kxXniaY8tHuUaNnY5P894kpt8_UfkTE-f/s1600/1346758857.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="122" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjB-ChQHQvfFz7N2wffNhsaoVUU94Xhtr9IhDYkv8ic6p2l4kzoRNy_-rtGehdPSJi8lsQXPVKyokKM2GvXqPc0rC4xH1pMrHv3cnfCuBEbcN4kxXniaY8tHuUaNnY5P894kpt8_UfkTE-f/s400/1346758857.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><i style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Zbroyar Z-15 carbine in 7.62х39</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjVtS5u70rkRPVg3RRHzNcIJUE5LtwEteglqqcKUAbwJN-bXaBMHan2s6MWc5PlDEfMwWnrqPtXbx91p6p4peYYC72juFZ32skw6J7ELQAoNypouOXVuWfvf_otfHqGz4l7ueArvlKGqeT/s1600/1346758908.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="98" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjVtS5u70rkRPVg3RRHzNcIJUE5LtwEteglqqcKUAbwJN-bXaBMHan2s6MWc5PlDEfMwWnrqPtXbx91p6p4peYYC72juFZ32skw6J7ELQAoNypouOXVuWfvf_otfHqGz4l7ueArvlKGqeT/s400/1346758908.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><i style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Alexander Arms carbine in .50 Beowulf</i></span></span></td></tr>
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Needless to say, users are not limited to choice of calibers only. Even with the basic 5.56 / .223 chambering, one can fit his (or hers) lower receiver with uppers equipped with barrels 16” to 24” long (shorter barrel length are available in USA under limitations of National Firearms Act of 1934, laws in other countries are different), with various profiles (from ”light carbine” to “heavy match target”), furniture etc.</div>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Pros and cons of the Ar-15</b></div>
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Like any other system, Ar-15 has its own positive and negative features. Among positive features of the basic Ar-15 style rifles are excellent modularity, wide availability of spare and replacement parts and accessories, good potential for accuracy, and good ergonomics.</div>
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Established specifications for part-to-part interfaces, combined with original modular construction of the Ar-15 receiver result in excellent flexibility of design. Anyone can easily swap various upper receivers on a single lower receiver (which, per US laws, is the only registered and serially numbered part of the weapon), changing barrel lengths and profiles, sighting options, calibers etc. Wide availability of spare and aftermarket parts allows to customize the AR-15-style rifle for almost any purpose and budget – low-cost plinker, home-defense gun, hunting rifle (for small and medium game, from varmint to deer and hogs), high-end target or IPSC or 3-Gun rifle – you name it, you can buy it, or build it yourself, or have it built for you by a gunsmith or custom manufacturing company.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3cUf2aHeb5waHBYMDbH8tZcBuK7eLQAGTyNfdjVENZCGYJSpurQU0I4fzBJPBlpdEt6I1LxJQkexOKXl3tZAQxtbpLWRSRu5p95YyPdcCAL1A-Kaw9pJ90KveujGxk46dF_Lw_6NkBW9f/s1600/1346759241.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="111" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3cUf2aHeb5waHBYMDbH8tZcBuK7eLQAGTyNfdjVENZCGYJSpurQU0I4fzBJPBlpdEt6I1LxJQkexOKXl3tZAQxtbpLWRSRu5p95YyPdcCAL1A-Kaw9pJ90KveujGxk46dF_Lw_6NkBW9f/s400/1346759241.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><i style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Bushmaster XM-15-E2S carbine</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNfY0xcn1wLSoimzk9smZOHgdNajnAcYgTiTk15W0GCaH1qzjaBkQgDQT4QxPwu7gpGAYv3a5bXaXH0iTsdDLetyZOnu5YMTYZLrb66IQJ4zm7Sz8jeMziSzfYqTQyyQC8dKIKC0tqToXs/s1600/1346759302.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNfY0xcn1wLSoimzk9smZOHgdNajnAcYgTiTk15W0GCaH1qzjaBkQgDQT4QxPwu7gpGAYv3a5bXaXH0iTsdDLetyZOnu5YMTYZLrb66IQJ4zm7Sz8jeMziSzfYqTQyyQC8dKIKC0tqToXs/s400/1346759302.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><i style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">AR-15 type pistol</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFpakDp1GsNuwoprv6LOc8fge6tuK_t3nCe70IO5P_RgMKgJ4m0R3WkcSfwdL-tfLA7Qzt3zUo2VygG63cTO3xXVK-qdPN29pLXo4E_QeA6TBS-jV_2hJIGZ513ebuT_G3pd-b1gN95cyM/s1600/1346759342.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="110" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFpakDp1GsNuwoprv6LOc8fge6tuK_t3nCe70IO5P_RgMKgJ4m0R3WkcSfwdL-tfLA7Qzt3zUo2VygG63cTO3xXVK-qdPN29pLXo4E_QeA6TBS-jV_2hJIGZ513ebuT_G3pd-b1gN95cyM/s400/1346759342.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><i style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">JP SCR-11 high-end match rifle</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI321Cz4rZsvBIZyrRHLAzYtYJoKgKnK6uYmVHKVLJ6mdgz7RHQotfyIW0SDwMOW4m-ixfBxIpJh0WSDbYEkqd0_FRNBKTa69ocYGEwrGA69Nbk44r9BYAy0zyrLOgUNKbzOjjGm7Uh9Kw/s1600/1346759394.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="93" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI321Cz4rZsvBIZyrRHLAzYtYJoKgKnK6uYmVHKVLJ6mdgz7RHQotfyIW0SDwMOW4m-ixfBxIpJh0WSDbYEkqd0_FRNBKTa69ocYGEwrGA69Nbk44r9BYAy0zyrLOgUNKbzOjjGm7Uh9Kw/s400/1346759394.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><i style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Remington R-15 VTR hunting rifle</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg38NUkzhJb1y56BPoGsr1oZ-eLKyKos3-Yz6x79WI2hQ6kFxYVdVtGom8B9Wc02tt84H1-gMh8-dA8oLCwypfV7Ma02yvTz_3KtgI2XNiZhPhOla2H0QnSNJw_qvRnTXvd35KNY53-oBZO/s1600/1346759471.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="88" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg38NUkzhJb1y56BPoGsr1oZ-eLKyKos3-Yz6x79WI2hQ6kFxYVdVtGom8B9Wc02tt84H1-gMh8-dA8oLCwypfV7Ma02yvTz_3KtgI2XNiZhPhOla2H0QnSNJw_qvRnTXvd35KNY53-oBZO/s400/1346759471.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><i style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Stag Arms Model 7L left-hand rifle</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqYzxura4cTjdlJnpfTIaFsDmVAKN4XLCWoA16FcLfmPxn40HfRyogyOd5kdIM2yqvou2VB-PLEwWOZhQr6k2QHHGFLGFwBf1odd4Ki9bJWOzcUAfgomfIoXXCbAv_LRuEO5gfKXocKc7R/s1600/1346759512.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="112" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqYzxura4cTjdlJnpfTIaFsDmVAKN4XLCWoA16FcLfmPxn40HfRyogyOd5kdIM2yqvou2VB-PLEwWOZhQr6k2QHHGFLGFwBf1odd4Ki9bJWOzcUAfgomfIoXXCbAv_LRuEO5gfKXocKc7R/s400/1346759512.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: white;"><span style="background-color: black;"><i style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Smith&Wesson MP-15 FT carbine</i></span></span></td></tr>
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Properly designed and built Ar-15 style rifles also can be quite reliable (firing thousands of rounds without single malfunction) and accurate (match or varmint versions of Ar-15 can repeatedly shoot sub-MOA groups with properly selected ammunition). Good ergonomics of the basic platform can be further enhanced by installation of fully ambidextrous controls, furniture of various shapes and dimensions, Picatinny rail interfaces etc.</div>
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Negative features of typical AR-15 style rifles include sensitivity to ammunition and relatively high maintenance requirements, at least when compared to its long-time rivals, Kalashnikov AK-style rifles. Another weak point of the AR-15 is flimsy design of the original magazines. Yet another feature which can be considered as a negative of a sort is the buffer tube housing, which protrudes rearwards from the receiver and into the shoulder stock, precluding usage of the folding stocks.</div>
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It must be noted, however, that most negative features are addressed to a certain degree by recent improvements, such as piston-operated conversions, high quality after-marked magazines etc.</div>
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The basic civilian Ar-15 type rifle is a semi-automatic, gas operated weapon. It fires only one cartridge per every trigger pull, and therefore it cannot be properly considered to be an “Assault rifle”, which, by a common definition, is a select-fire (full automatic or burst-firing) weapon.</div>
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Standard Ar-15 action, as designed by Eugene Stoner, is powered by hot powder gases, which are fed from the bore via gas tube and into the bolt carrier. Inside the bolt carrier there is a variable volume cavity, formed by the bolt carrier and bolt. Hot gases expand there, pushing the bolt forward against the pressure of the cartridge base, and simultaneously pushing the bolt carrier rearwards. The rearward movement of the bolt carrier forces the bolt to rotate via cam and pin setup. This rotation disengages seven radial locking lugs, located at the bolt head, from barrel extension, unlocking the bolt and allowing mechanism to cycle, extracting and ejecting empty cartridge case on its rearward motion and feeding fresh cartridge from magazine on its forward movement. Once the bolt comes into the battery (forwardmost position), the bolt carrier forces it to rotate and lock with the barrel extension. This action, popularly known as “Direct Gas Impingement” or DGI in short, has long been criticized as “dirty”, as powder gases are allowed to expand inside the gun mechanism. Over the time, this results in accumulation of powder fouling and carbon residue on moving parts, which, if not cleaned properly, will eventually result in malfunctions of the gun. This is especially true when using cheap, low quality ammunition and when critical parts (bolt, bolt carrier and barrel) are not chrome-lined or otherwise protectively coated. Properly built rifles with chrome-lined or stainless steel parts and fed with quality ammunition can shoot thousands of rounds before requiring routine maintenance (cleaning).</div>
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In attempts to improve on shortcomings of the Stoner-designed DGI system, several companies now offer piston-operated upgrades or complete upper receivers and rifles with gas piston actions. In these systems, gas tube is replaced by gas piston and rod, located above the barrel, inside the handguards. This way, powder cases are ejected into interior of the handguard after operating the piston, and no gases are allowed to enter interior of the bolt group. These systems are generally promoted as “cleaner, cooler and more reliable” than original DGI system, but for most civilian shooters there will be little to no practical difference in actual reliability, and minor difference in maintenance procedures, as DGI problems are most often encountered under extreme conditions of military combat. Another issue is that improperly designed gas piston conversions can actually enhance wear on the upper receiver, due to asymmetrical forces, applied by a gas piston rod to the bolt carrier. So, if you want a “Gas piston Ar-15”, you’d better to look for properly designed conversions, which address this and some other issues, inherent to the gas piston systems in Ar-15 platform.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtZmHM7QB30lmvavfdLHwYTSWodFwXwRieuacQSay0-E_e7Arh5fx3ZwMesxPyVt329cz5974efNRTWPWiY4-XkPTmkZXHX-SSl2v5XnKQdX6gQyhAJngXS1KGtC56NqhhekNiuggitMPX/s1600/1346759667.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtZmHM7QB30lmvavfdLHwYTSWodFwXwRieuacQSay0-E_e7Arh5fx3ZwMesxPyVt329cz5974efNRTWPWiY4-XkPTmkZXHX-SSl2v5XnKQdX6gQyhAJngXS1KGtC56NqhhekNiuggitMPX/s400/1346759667.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><i style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Piston-operated AR-15-type carbine upper (top) compared to standard direct gas impingement carbine upper (bottom)</i></span></span></td></tr>
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As mentioned above, the “body” of a typical Ar-15 rifle consists of two parts – upper receiver and lower receiver. Lower receiver (which, under US laws, is the only part that legally comprises a “firearm” and must be serially numbered) houses trigger unit, manual safety, and magazine housing. It also has interface for buffer tube (which contains bolt return spring and bolt buffer). Upper receiver houses bolt group and has interfaces to mount a barrel and rear sight. Per “Military specifications” both upper and lower receivers are forged from 7075-T6 aluminium alloy and had its surfaces hard anodized. Receiver halves are connected by two captive cross-pins, made of steel – one at the front and another at the rear. To disengage upper and lower receiver, one must push pins from left to right, then pull them all the way from the right, until upper receiver is free. Pins will remain in the lower receiver.</div>
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It must be noted that forged aluminium is not the sole material for AR-15 receivers. Several smaller companies in USA manufacture AR-15-type receivers by CNC machining solid blocks (billets) of aluminium, and few others (like Bushmaster or now defunct Cavalry Arms) offer lightweight lower and in some cases upper receivers made from polymer composites. In most cases, all these receivers are interchangeable if all critical dimensions are made to Mil-Spec.</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2qXJA8GWujI3-cU5KUTf_S7dhQxOvwh38O57I_VeWA5vQbKx4mSCIYMohlPPkDyLdNrNQOitK7zc2TlNo5NI1eliPVjddVsLLqZoX8cDe5uyqmomm9S6faBlpYq4UQX_sslX42wTgPVJs/s1600/1346759878.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="135" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2qXJA8GWujI3-cU5KUTf_S7dhQxOvwh38O57I_VeWA5vQbKx4mSCIYMohlPPkDyLdNrNQOitK7zc2TlNo5NI1eliPVjddVsLLqZoX8cDe5uyqmomm9S6faBlpYq4UQX_sslX42wTgPVJs/s400/1346759878.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><i style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">short-barreled AR-15 type carbine assembled with lower receiver made from translucent plastic made by now-defunct Cavalry Arms company</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN_b5RrgbgwRBj4f2NlSppynXmVmL5gtBvszbsJfAePwkmiXzrBIKWjcKRHcI9Gm33AznoN5SnbaGuhOHWshU2hTu6oAUu4bVIYlVFVq4P6xvB0UC-3pDd4Bb2yzn7nobBqLx3fs4Rg8X7/s1600/1346760415.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN_b5RrgbgwRBj4f2NlSppynXmVmL5gtBvszbsJfAePwkmiXzrBIKWjcKRHcI9Gm33AznoN5SnbaGuhOHWshU2hTu6oAUu4bVIYlVFVq4P6xvB0UC-3pDd4Bb2yzn7nobBqLx3fs4Rg8X7/s400/1346760415.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: black;"><span style="color: white;"><i style="font-family: Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">just few of the AR-15 type upper receiver configurations offered by Vulcan arms</i></span></span></td></tr>
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Barrels for Ar-15 type rifles can be made in wide variety of external profiles, lengths and calibres. Many manufacturers offer chrome-lined barrels, which have longer service life and better rust resistance (all current “Military issue” barrels are chrome lined as well). Other options may include stainless steel barrels or carbon steel barrels, which (in theory) can be made with more precision but require more extensive care and maintenance. “Mil-spec” barrels can be easily replaced with use of some special tools. Some manufacturers also offer “quick change barrel” conversions which usually require special barrel nuts and/or special receivers. Ar-15 barrels are often equipped with flash hiders or muzzle jump compensators, although recoil with standard .223 / 5.56mm ammo is minimal. Flash hiders become more and more useful as the barrel lengths become shorter. Some countries and states in USA allow for civilian ownership of sound moderators, commonly known as “sound suppressors” or “firearm silencers”. These devices can be used on most Ar-15 type rifles, and are especially useful for hearing protection when installed on short-barrelled carbines.</div>
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Typical trigger / safety setup of the Ar-15 style rifle is a single stage trigger which allows for single shots, and a manual safety lever with two positions (“Safe” and “Fire”), located on the left side of the lower receiver. Another standard feature of almost every AR-15 style rifle is the bolt catch (also known as the bolt hold-open device), which stops the bolt group in the open position once the last cartridge from magazine has been fired. This indicates that the gun is empty and facilitates faster reloading. There are two ways to disengage bolt catch once empty magazine is removed – shooter can press a bolt release button on the left side of receiver (faster method), or pull and release bolt handle (slower but allows for slow bolt closure if you wand to close it over empty chamber). Optional features may include ambidextrous safety levers, match-grade triggers, and ambidextrous magazine release buttons (which may or may not require modifications to the lower receiver).</div>
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Ar-15 rifles are fed from detachable box magazines. Magazine release button is located on the right side of the magazine housing, and some companies now offer ambidextrous magazine releases which require modifications to lower receiver. Mil-Spec (“US GI issue”, STANAG) magazines are normally made of aluminium and have capacity of 30 rounds (20 rounds for early, Vietnam War era M16 magazines). Commercially available magazines can have capacities from 5 to 100 or even 150 rounds, with 30 rounds being most common. Commercial magazines also can be made of aluminium, steel or plastic. It must be noted that bad (damaged or poorly built) magazines are one of most frequent sources of problems and stoppages, encountered with AR-15 style rifles. Therefore, it is advisable to buy best available magazines to ensure high reliability of your gun.</div>
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Standard furniture for Ar-15 rifles (shoulder stocks, pistol grips, handguards) is almost invariably made from some sort of plastic, and prevailing colour is black, which is responsible for the “Black rifle” moniker, attached to the whole M16 / Ar-15 family of weapons. Other colours, such as desert tan or various camouflage patterns are available as options from many manufacturers.</div>
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Shoulder stocks for Ar-15 can be had in many variations, but there are two basic “patterns” for these – fixed “M16-type” stocks and collapsible “M4 carbine type” stocks. Handguards also are available in variety of lengths (rifle or carbine) and designs. Many modern Ar-15 rifles have polymer handguards replaced by some sort of the rail interface, which typically is formed by an aluminium tube with several (one to four) Picatinny type accessory rails at 12-, 3-, 6- and 9-o’clock positions. These rails are used to mount additional accessories, such as optical sights, flash lights, laser aiming modules, forward grips, bipods and everything else. Typical railed handguards also are available in two major “flavours” – standard, which are attached to the upper receiver and barrel, and “free-floated”, which are attached to upper receiver only, allowing the barrel to “free float” inside the handguards. The latter style, while more expensive, generally allows for better accuracy and receives less heat from the barrel during prolonged shooting sessions.</div>
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Speaking on sighting equipment, original Ar-15 type sporting rifles closely followed military pattern, featuring protected front post sight mounted above the gas block, and an aperture-type rear sight, built into the integral carrying handle above the receiver. During mid-1990s, integral carrying handles gradually fell out of favour, first with military and then with everybody else. Instead, upper receivers of most currently made Ar-15 style rifles are shaped flat on top to form so called Picatinny (Mil-Std 1913) rail, which can be used to quickly and securely mount almost any type of sighting equipment. Evolution of the “Red Dot” (reflex, collimating) sights made them preferred sighting means for short- to medium ranges for most military and civilian applications. For more accurate work, magnifying optical sights can be easily installed on the same Picatinny rail using appropriate mounts. The bonus of using Picatinny rails is that several sights can be mounted on one rifle at the time, such as Red Dot plus back-up iron sights (BUIS) on folding bases, or Red Dot plus magnifier or Red Dot plus Night Vision monocular etc. For civilian applications this means that shooter can have several sights for one rifle, i.e. Red Dot for home defence and telescope sight for hunting, and change these quickly according to his current situation.</div>
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<br />Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-36151129556074425382013-02-05T03:36:00.003-08:002013-02-05T03:36:47.842-08:00DSR-precision DSR 1 sniper rifle (Germany)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5F-qZzAp8gidQC1wPEuga-ARCFBeumqi41vA9-V5_kyC_I5LlT5UHOOAxJkc4V2NpzbD9Ey0WLEBWTKA4UFCwCeBkhZGP_HkBH3q7OIGgl3cr6t4GIGXmtp7Bk-syC9p73r6oY-i_HiFl/s1600/dsr-1_strip.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5F-qZzAp8gidQC1wPEuga-ARCFBeumqi41vA9-V5_kyC_I5LlT5UHOOAxJkc4V2NpzbD9Ey0WLEBWTKA4UFCwCeBkhZGP_HkBH3q7OIGgl3cr6t4GIGXmtp7Bk-syC9p73r6oY-i_HiFl/s400/dsr-1_strip.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="background-color: #eaeaea; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The DSR-1 field-stripped into major components.</em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJpZp5ZCumblYbz0LhIKO32PjUuKmVT_FJJkk-GROHGLRtZMbKx6lq3q6BbqbHbY57vnyI3jtB5UK2KSas3pNvR3XqsDSoEn8W4fWzVNqwJPJjgt-ay0dZNYRmvv7qJ0T6-a1DXZCqhGw_/s1600/dsr1-308-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="145" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjJpZp5ZCumblYbz0LhIKO32PjUuKmVT_FJJkk-GROHGLRtZMbKx6lq3q6BbqbHbY57vnyI3jtB5UK2KSas3pNvR3XqsDSoEn8W4fWzVNqwJPJjgt-ay0dZNYRmvv7qJ0T6-a1DXZCqhGw_/s400/dsr1-308-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="background-color: #eaeaea; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 15px;">The DSR-1 'Subsonic' sniper rifle in integrally silenced configuration.</span><small style="font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Image: DSR-precision GmbH</small></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8VbnsAYtnHQDhMF7Fc0XvJnmaOMnQRhmqGMotdcd0X8ZXHJ3ef9X4ndELQfnGkrFDB_kDZaP0Zw2ldPQM6GAwzFDZTPT6qTO1qlO5id9bHkK32xd0iGr_VZpVVbBMFc1wPcH2i9GC_Cvm/s1600/dsr1-308-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="157" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj8VbnsAYtnHQDhMF7Fc0XvJnmaOMnQRhmqGMotdcd0X8ZXHJ3ef9X4ndELQfnGkrFDB_kDZaP0Zw2ldPQM6GAwzFDZTPT6qTO1qlO5id9bHkK32xd0iGr_VZpVVbBMFc1wPcH2i9GC_Cvm/s400/dsr1-308-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="background-color: #eaeaea; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The DSR-1 sniper rifle in basic configuration.<br /><em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><small style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Image: DSR-precision GmbH</small></em></em></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYqdSbPQmlONjtjemXKncardSyGbCCcrhEGQfLm00pzPw21CBt8a4eY_P3IBcsMu2XlHqKehVoeVo9Zz9tNm_en4zv9ri000QiNkp-O5XCWip-LP_WjIdiFMcRNtFUzUgHsQhSaExPwy7F/s1600/dsr1-308-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="183" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYqdSbPQmlONjtjemXKncardSyGbCCcrhEGQfLm00pzPw21CBt8a4eY_P3IBcsMu2XlHqKehVoeVo9Zz9tNm_en4zv9ri000QiNkp-O5XCWip-LP_WjIdiFMcRNtFUzUgHsQhSaExPwy7F/s400/dsr1-308-3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><em style="background-color: #eaeaea; font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The DSR-1 sniper rifle with quick-detachable tactical silencer.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><small style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Image: DSR-precision GmbH</small></em></td></tr>
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<b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Caliber(s)</b>: 7.62x51mm NATO (.308Win), .300 Winchester Magnum, .338 Lapua Magnum<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Operation</b>: bolt action<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Barrel:</b> 660 mm<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Weight</b>: 5.9 kg unloaded, without scope<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Length</b>: 990 mm<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><b style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Feed Mechanism</b>: 5 (.308) or 4 (.300WM and .338LM) rounds detachable box magazines</div>
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The DSR-1 rifle was designed by certain German former military ordnance engineers and bench-rest gunsmiths. This rifle is manufactured since 2000 by German company DSR-Precision GmbH. Before 2004 the same rifle was also sold by another German company, the AMP Technical Services, which was a non-exclusive dealer of DSR-Precision but is no longer so. At the present time DRS 1 rifle is being marketed by its only manufacturer, DSR-Precision GmbH. The DSR 1 is a specialized sniper rifle (not a conversion of the standard military or hunting gun). It is adopted by German GSG 9 counter-terror group, as well as by some other elite European law enforcement agencies and certain non-European military Special Operations forces.</div>
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The DSR-1 is configured into bull-pup design, with free-floating barrel. The folding bipod is mounted onto upper rails (above the barrel), and the adjustable horizontal front grip is mounted on the lower rails (under the barrel). The rifle features fully adjustable buttstock and cheekpiece. The holder for spare magazine is installed in the front of the triggerguard to decrease reloading time or to have different type of ammunition (i.e. armor piercing) handy. DSR-1 action features match-grade, fluted barrel that is quickly interchangeable and is fixed into receiver by three screws. The action is designed for .338 Lapua Magnum ammunition, with conversion kits available for smaller calibers such as .308 Winchester or .300 Winchester Magnum. The bolt features six radial lugs that lock directly into the barrel. The barrel is protected by ventilated aluminum handguard and is fitted with muzzle brake (very useful when firing full-power magnum loads). The integrally silenced version of the DSR-1, also known as DSR-1 Subsonic, is unusual in the fact that the silencer is attached to the receiver rather than the barrel. Thus, the barrel is still free-floated within the silencer, and this guarantees consistent shot-to-shot accuracy. The trigger is two-stage, adjustable. DSR-1 features manual, ambidextrous three position safety, located above the triggerguard.</div>
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The expected accuracy of the DSR-1 is almost extreme: some sources state sub-.2 MOA accuracy (0.20 inch / 5 mm groups measured center-to-center at 100 yards) when shot by experienced operator, with correct ammunition and in good environment conditions.</div>
Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-18297737942063659642013-02-05T03:28:00.002-08:002013-02-05T03:28:30.868-08:00Noreen “Bad news” ULR 338 sniper rifle (USA)<br />
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Caliber</strong></div>
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.338 Lapua Magnum (8.6x70); also available in .300WinMag</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Action</strong></div>
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Semi-automatic, gas operated</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Overall length</strong></div>
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1219 mm / 48"</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Barrel length</strong></div>
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660 mm / 26”</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Weight, with empty magazine</strong></div>
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5.9 kg / 13 lbs</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Magazine capacity</strong></div>
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5 or 10 rounds</div>
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Noreen “Bad news” ULR 338 sniper rifle was designed by Peter Noreen of the Gun Room LLC (MT, USA), and is manufactured by the same company. It is one of the very few production semi-automatic precision rifles, chambered for the long-range .338 Lapua Magnum ammunition. It is also available in optional .300 Winchester Magnum chambering. According to available reports, Noreen “Bad news” ULR 338 sniper rifle is capable of Sub-MOA accuracy with properly selected ammunition (manufacturer recommends Lapua-made cartridges), and in trained hands it delivers accurate and effective fire at ranges in excess of 1500 yards / meters.</div>
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Noreen “Bad news” ULR 338 sniper rifle is gas operated, semi-automatic weapon. It uses hybrid, short-stroke gas system, which combines tappet-type gas piston with long gas tube that feeds hot powder gases from the gas block toward the front part of the receiver, where the gas piston is seated above the barrel. Upon discharge, gas piston strikes the projecting lug, which is machined on the top of the large, AR-15-style bolt carrier, which hosts AR-15-style (but necessarily larger) rotary bolt with seven locking lugs. The aluminum alloy receiver also follows general AR-15 styling, with upper and lover halves being connected by two cross-pins. Controls (magazine catch, bolt hold-open and safety) also are similar to AR-15, although charging handle is located on the right side of the receiver. Trigger is also of AR-15 type, and can be had in MilSpec or Match variations. Match grade barrel is free-floated inside the forend, and is equipped with muzzle brake. Ammunition is fed from detachable single stack box magazines with 5- and 10-round capacity. Standard furniture also includes fully adjustable Magpul PRS stock and M16A2-style pistol grip. Forend can be ordered in plain or railed configuration, depending on the buyers choice. No sights are provided from the factory, and rifle is equipped with integral Picatinny rail on the top of receiver, which would accept any telescope or night sight in appropriate mounts, according to user preferences.</div>
Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6052055130079589378.post-49699731485490358962012-07-17T22:02:00.001-07:002012-07-17T22:02:08.091-07:00LW-3 automatic shotgun (PR China)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">LW-3 automatic shotgun with 38mm less-lethal launcher and drum magazine</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">LW-3 automatic shotgun with 38mm less-lethal launcher and box magazine</td></tr>
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<strong>Type</strong><br />
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Select-fire, <a href="" id="Y845313S1" style="color: #000fff; text-decoration: underline;">gas</a> operated</div>
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<strong>Gauge</strong><br />
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12</div>
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<strong>Length</strong><br />
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660 / 880 mm / 26 / 35”</div>
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<strong>Barrel length</strong><br />
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n/a</div>
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<strong>Weight, empty</strong><br />
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3.2 kg / 7 lbs</div>
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<strong>Magazine capacity</strong><br />
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5, 10 or 20 rounds</div>
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The LW-3 automatic shotgun is a relatively new development from China. Its status is <a href="" id="Y845313S2" style="color: #000fff; text-decoration: underline;">unknown</a> at the <a href="" id="Y845313S3" style="color: #000fff; text-decoration: underline;">moment</a>
of this writing (summer of 2012), and this weapon is obviously intended
for law enforcement use. Unlike most other police type shotguns
developed in China or elsewhere, the LW-3 offers select-fire (full
automatic fire) capabilities and can be equipped with 38mm underbarrel
launcher for use with less lethal ammunition such as tear gas, flash
bang or “flying baton” 38mm projectiles.<br />
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Not much is known (yet) about internal design of the LW-3 shotgun, but
it is believed to be of gas operated, locked breech type. Feed is from
detachable box magazines of 5-round capacity, and from 10- and 20-round
drum magazines. LW-3 shotgun is equipped with side-folding shoulder
stock, and in CQB scenarios can be fired with the stock folded. It is
equipped with rifle-type iron sights, and features an integral Picatinny
rail on the top of the receiver.Kevin Krent BLOGhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06123165060265307084noreply@blogger.com0